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Infection - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 2 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Session 2 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin that is part of the bacteria structure

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2
Q

What is the best example of an endotoxin?

What does it contain on its outer membrane?

A

Gram Negative Bacteria

They contain lipopolysaccharide on their outer membrane which is highly toxic & can trigger an inflammatory response

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3
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain and why?

A

Stains pink/red with the counterstain due to lipopolysaccharide outer layer

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4
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Proteins secreted by bacteria that go out into surrounding tissue and fluid

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5
Q

What is an enterotoxin?

A

An exotoxin that acts on the bowel

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6
Q

What is a neurotoxin?

A

An exotoxin that acts on the nerves

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7
Q

Name the 4 main micro-organisms that cause disease in order of small to large

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
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8
Q

What are prions?

Why can they cause problems for surgeons?

A

Proteins that can multiply and spread from person to person

- They cause disease and can withstand high temp and pressure (makes it hard when steralising equipment)

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9
Q

Which microorganism can only exist in a host cell?

A

Viruses

They can use bacteria as their host cell

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10
Q

What are the 2 layers of a virus membrane?

A
  1. Envelope - a lipid bilayer

2. Protein coat - to protect genetic material

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11
Q

What do the spikes on the surface of viruses do?

A

Allow the virus to attach to specific cell surfaces

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12
Q

Can viruses have DNA or RNA and does this exist as single or double stand?

A

Can have RNA or DNA
It can exist as single or double strand
They can also be enveloped or non-enveloped
(RNA can also be helical or icosahedral shaped)

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13
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative sense single stranded RNA viruses?

A

Positive sense single strand RNA viruses have to become negative in order to be read from and synthesise a 2nd strand
Negative sense single strand RNA viruses can be read from straight away and synthesise a 2nd strand

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14
Q

Why do single stranded DNA and RNA viruses synthesise a 2nd strand immediately after infecting a host cell?

A

Because with just 1 strand they are subject to more mutations

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15
Q

What is tissue trophism?

A

When viruses prefer certain cell lines

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16
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium

17
Q

Do bacteria have a nuclear membrane?

A

No - their DNA is within the cytoplasm

18
Q

How many layers does a bacteria have before you reach the cytoplasm?

A

3:

  1. Capsule - made of polysaccharides
  2. Cell wall - an important target for antibiotics
  3. Plasma membrane
19
Q

What part of the bacteria is an important target for antibiotics?

A

The cell wall

20
Q

Name three contents of bacterial cytoplasm

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Plasmids
  3. Nucleoid (circular double stranded DNA)
21
Q

What are plasmids?

A

They are smaller circles of DNA that can replicable and transfer between bacteria
You may have 2 bacteria with same DNA but different plasmids

22
Q

Do all bacteria have the same capsules? (outer layer of polysaccharides)

A

No - different strains of bacteria have different capsules (it is a virulence factor)

23
Q

What are the 3 types of bacterial shape?

A
  1. Coccus shaped (circular)
  2. Spirillus (spiralled)
  3. Bacillus (square/rod shaped)
24
Q

What are the two ways cocci bacteria can be arranged?

What are cocci bacteria?

A
  1. Clusters
  2. Chains
    Cocci shaped bacteria are round/circular
25
Q

What is the difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

A

Gram positive - have peptidoglycan layer (outside plasma membrane)
Gram negative - have smaller peptidoglycans but also have an “outer layer” made of lipopolysaccharides and protein (outside plasma membrane)

26
Q

What colour do gram negative and gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Positive - stain purple

Negative - counter stain stains red

27
Q

What are aerobes and anaerobes?

A 
Aerobes = bacteria that can survive in presence of oxygen
Anaerobes = bacteria that can survive in absence of oxygen
28
Q

What are spores?

A

Dormant form of bacteria

29
Q

Give an example of a cocci gram positive bacteria

State the shape and stain colour of this bacteria

A

Example: streptococcus pnuemoniae
Cocci = round
Gram positive = stain purple

30
Q

Give an example of a cocci gram negative bacteria

State the shape and stain colour of this bacteria

A

Example: Neisseria meningitidis
Cocci = round
Gram negative = counter stain red

31
Q

Give an example of a bacilli gram positive bacteria

State the shape and stain colour of this bacteria

A

Example: Bacillus cereus
Bacilli = square/rod shape
Gram positive = stain purple

32
Q

Give an example of a bacilli gram negative bacteria

State the shape and stain colour of this bacteria

A

Example: Salmonella typhi
Bacilli = square/rod shaped
Gram negative = counter stain red

33
Q

Why might it be difficult to create an anti-viral or anti-parasitic agent?

A

Because they are types of eukaryotic cells

There is a risk that damage to these could also cause damage to a human cell

34
Q

What are the 2 types of fungi called and are they single or multicellular?

A
  1. Yeast - single called

2. Mould - multicellular

35
Q

What are the 2 types of parasites called and are they single or multicellular?

A
  1. Protozoa - single celled

2. Helminths (worms) - multicellular

36
Q

What is the difference between calendar time and relative time?

A

Calendar time = when infections are more common at certain times of year
Relative time = when infections have certain incubation periods (time until symptoms of infection are evident)

37
Q

There are 7 mechanisms of infection. Name as many as possible

A
  1. Direct contact
  2. Inoculation (sharps)
  3. Haematogenous (blood)
  4. Ingestion (food or drink)
  5. Inhalation
  6. Vector (insect)
  7. Vertical transmission (from mother to child)
38
Q

What are the 3 steps you should follow to make a diagnosis?

A
  1. History
  2. Examination
  3. Inflammation
39
Q

Give 2 examples of types of specific treatment and supportive treatment

A 
Specific
1. Antimicrobials 
2. Surgery
Supportive 
1. Symptom relief
2. Physical restoration eg oxygen

Infection - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (8 decks)

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