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Body Logistics > Session 5: Glands & Endocrine Tissue > Flashcards

Session 5: Glands & Endocrine Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Endocrine glands and the hormones released

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland:
ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin, somatotrophin

Posterior Pituitary Gland:
Vasopressin, oxytocin

Thyroid Gland:
Thyroid hormone (T3, T4)

Parathyroid Gland:
Parathyroid hormone

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2
Q

What type of tissue are glands made of ?

A

Simple cuboidal

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3
Q

Examples of Exocrine glands

A

Salivary gland
Pancreas
Mammary
Sweat glands
Sebaceous gland
Lachrymal glands

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4
Q

Adenogenesis

A

Synthesis of gland

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5
Q

Explain adenogenesis of exocrine, endocrine glands

A
  1. Growth signal received
  2. Proliferation of daughter cells occur and “extracellular protein degradation enzymes”produced
    3.Epithelial cells invade space created (protease)

Exo:
Canalicularisation (central cells dies off to produce duct)
-Link to mother cells remains
-Significant amount of branching

Endo:
Produce angiogenic factors to stimulate blood vessel growth (in and around epithelial cells)

-link to mother cells broken via apoptosis
-virtually no branching

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6
Q

How does branching occur (lungs)

A
  1. FGF10 released by immature fibroblasts (mess chg all stem cells)
  2. Epithelial cells move towards the signal

(i) Tubule elongation (GF 1: active, GF 2: inactive)
or
(ii) Tubule branching (GF 1: inactive, GF 2: active)

  1. Elongation and branching stopped by Shh (Sonic the Hedgehog)
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7
Q

The activity of growth factors in tubule elongation & tubule branching

A

Elongation:
Growth factor 1- ACTIVE
Growth factor 2- Inactive

Branching
Growth factor 1- Inactive
Growth factor 2- ACTIVE

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8
Q

2 types of epithelial cell in exocrine glands

A
  1. Cells lining the ducts
  2. Cells that make secretory products
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9
Q

Definitions:

-Striated
-Demilune
-Intercalating
-Acinus

A

-striped
-half-moon
-insets between
-sac like = alveolar

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10
Q

2 types of secretion

A

-Mucous (closed cavity, sticky fluid)
-Serous (open to exterior, watery fluid)

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11
Q

4 different modes of secretion

A

-Merocrine
-Apocrine
-Holocrine
-Cytocrine

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12
Q

Define Merocine Gland & give an example

A

Fusion of vesicles with apical membrane

e.g. Acinar & Endocrine glands of the pancreas

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13
Q

Define Apocrine Gland & give an example

A

Partial loss of cytoplasm
e.g. lactating mammary gland, sweat glands in the axilla and external genitalia

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14
Q

Define Holocrine Gland & give an example

A

Complete loss of cytoplasm
e.g. Sebaceous gland in skin, tarsal glands in eyelid

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15
Q

Define Cytocrine Gland & give an example

A

Cells are released as a secretion
e.g. spermatic (spermatozoa) in the seminiferous tubules (testis)

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16
Q

Two pathways of Merocrine secretion

A
  1. Regulated secretion
    -secretory granules accumulate in large vesicles
    -released by exocytosis upon stimulation
    -Ca+2 triggered
  2. Constitutive secretion
    -packaged into small vesicles
    -continuously released to the cell surface
17
Q

Purpose of Merocrine secretion

A

To repopulate the plasma membrane with plasma proteins

18
Q

A clinical example of Merocrine secretion

A

Diabetes 1

19
Q

Explain an example of Apocrine secretion

A

Neonatal period: Only fats secreted by apocrine secretion

During Lactation: Fats & proteins are released by apocrine secretion

(milk proteins are released by Merocrine secretion)

20
Q

Explain an example of Holocrine secretion

A

Sebaceous gland

21
Q

Define Glycosylation
(enzyme-catalysed reaction)

A

The covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins & lipids to form glycoproteins & glycolipids

22
Q

Define Glycation
(non-enzymatic reaction)

A

The covalent attachment of a sugar to a protein/lipid

23
Q

Describe regulated Merocrine secretion

A
24
Q

Difference between hyper/hypothyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism: ⬆️ T3+T4, ⬇️ TSH
Hypothyroidism: ⬇️ T3&T4, ⬆️ TSH

25
Q

Clinical conditions related to thyroid hormone

A

Autoimmune disease:

Graves disease= ⬆️ T3+T4
Hashimoto’s disease= ⬇️T3+T4

26
Q

Differences within salivary glands

A

(RED)Parotid gland: almost totally serous
Submandibular gland: mostly serous, more mucous
(WHITE)Sublingual gland: almost totally mucous

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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