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Body Logistics > 7 Bone > Flashcards

7 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of bone

A

Long e.g.) humerus
Short e.g.) trapezoid, calcaneus
Flat bone e.g.) sternum, ilium, occipital, ribs
Irregular bone e.g.) vertebrae, sacrum
Sesamoid bone e.g.) patella

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2
Q

Function of long bones

A

Supports the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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3
Q

Function of short bones

A

Provide stability and some movement

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4
Q

Function of flat bones

A

Protects internal organs
Provide large areas of attachment for muscles

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5
Q

Function of irregular bones

A

-Protect internal organs
e.g.) protects spinal cord, organs in pelvic cavity

-Provide important anchor points for muscle groups

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6
Q

Structure of Sesamoid bones

A

Small, round bones found in the tendons of hands, knees, and feet

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7
Q

Function of Sesamoid bone

A

Protect tendons from stress and damage from repeated ‘wear and tear’

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8
Q

Where are the long bones mostly located in

A

Appendicular skeleton

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9
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection within bone

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10
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

A cancer originating from bone forming cells

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11
Q

How many bones does the skeleton have

A

206

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12
Q

Name the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial: Head, vertebrae, ribs (80)
Appendicular: Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limb (126)

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13
Q

Functions of bone

A

-Mechanical (protect delicate organs, provide framework)
-Synthetic (Haemopoiesis)
-Metabolic (mineral/fat storage, acid-base homeostasis)

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14
Q

Describe the difference between Cancellous and Compact bone

A

Cancellous:
-trabeculae (combines strength with lightness)
-spaces are filled with by bone marrow

Compact:
-forms external surfaces of bones
-80% of skeletal mass

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15
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

Formation of long bones from hyaline cartilage

-continued lengthening is by ossification at epiphyseal plates
-e.g.) appositional growth (at edges)

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16
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A

Condensations of mesenchymal tissues from flat bone
-cancellous bone
-e.g.) interstitial growth (in the middle)

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17
Q

How do bones undergo remodelling

A

Osteoclast: bone reabsorption

Osteoblast: remaking bones
-RANK L (initiated remodelling)
-osteoprotegerin (turns off remodelling)

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18
Q

Composition of bone in terms of its cells & extracellular components

A

Bone marrow
-red marrow (haemopoiesis)
-yellow marrow (energy source)
-BV
-Nerves

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19
Q

Difference between Cancellous bone and Compact bone

A

Cancellous bone:
-composed of trabeculae
-no nerves, lymphatic/blood vessels

Compact bone:
-composed of osteons
-Haversian canal, Volkmann’s canal

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20
Q

How is Cancellous bone converted to Compact bone

A
  1. MSC convert into osteoblast
  2. Osteoblast lays down osteoid that is mineralised
  3. Osteoblasts are trapped = Osteocytes
  4. Repeat of 1~3
  5. Central MSC converts into blood/lymphatic vessels, nerves
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21
Q

Importance of Vitamin D in normal bone stability

A

Produces calcitriol (calcium absorption)
-either absorbed from gut or synthesised in the skin

22
Q

Two steps involved in bone-remodelling

A
  1. Osteoclasts make a wide tunnel in the bone (cutting cone)
  2. Osteoblasts make a smaller tunnel of compact bone (closing cone)
23
Q

Why do the main force lines go through the cortical/compact bone

A

Lamella (structure in compact bone) are thought to be able to slip relative to each other to resist fracture

24
Q

Factors affecting bone stability

A

-activity of osteocytes (osteoid recycling)
-activity of osteoblasts (bone deposition)
-activity of osteoclasts (bone resorption)
-nutrients (vitamin D3, C, K, B12)

25
Q

Importance of Vitamin C in bone stability

A

Synthesis of collagen

26
Q

Function of osteoid

A

Undergoes calcification and mineralisation to form lamellae or layers in the bone matrix

27
Q

Importance of Vitamin K and B12 in bone stability

A

Synthesis of bone proteins

28
Q

Importance of Vitamin D3 in bone stability

A

Produces calcitriol (calcium absorption)
-either absorbed in gut/synthesised in skin

29
Q

Constituents of bone marrow

A

Haemopoietic cells
-myeloid
-lymphoid lineages
Marrow adipose tissue
Supportive stromal cells

30
Q

In what parts of an adult body can bone marrows be found

A

Ribs
Vertebrae
Sternum
Bones of the pelvis

31
Q

Functions of the bone marrow

A

-Used to treat severe diseases e.g.) leukaemia
-Bone marrow stem cells can be transformed into functional neural cells and can potentially be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease

32
Q

Constituents of blood and its classification

A

Loose connective tissue
-Formed elements (i.e. blood cells, platelets)
-Liquid phase (plasma)

33
Q

3 major groups of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries and arterioles
  2. Capillaries
  3. Vein and venules
34
Q

Key arteries in the body

A

Aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk (supplying head, neck, upper limb)
Carotid arteries (head, neck)
Subclavian arteries (upper limbs)
Iliac arteries (lower limb)
Pulmonary arteries

35
Q

Conducting arteries

A

The key, large arteries in the body that transport blood away from the heart towards the distributing arteries (medium sized arteries)

36
Q

Which artery contain deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

37
Q

Which veins contain oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary veins
Umbilical vein

38
Q

Constituents of the medulla region of long bones

A

Adipose tissue (contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, bone cells)

39
Q

What are the different types of vein

A

-Pulmonary veins (carry oxy. blood from lung to LA)

-Systemic veins (return oxygen-depleted blood from the rest of body to RA)

-Superficial veins (surface of the skin)

-Deep veins (located near a corresponding artery with the same name) e.g.) femoral artery and vein

40
Q

Function of collateral blood vessels

A

Provide protection for tissues that may become compromised
-alternative path for arterial blood flow

41
Q

When are collateral blood vessels formed

A

-Chronic diseases
e.g.) ischaemia, atherosclerosis
-Produced during development (e.g. brain and joints)

42
Q

Describe Vasculogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels from angioblast precursors (bone marrow)
e.g.) embryo development, new cancers, endometriosis

43
Q

Describe Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood cells from existing blood vessels
e.g.) fetal development, collateral arteries, postnatal lung dev.

44
Q

Two types of Vasculogenesis

A

Production of single vessel (VEGF, generates primary plexus, which folds into a primary vessel)

  1. Sprouting: Angiogenesis
    -FGF
    -Pericytes convert into SMC
    -slow
  2. Division of primary vessel: Intussusception
    -Twinned vessels from primary vessel
    -Multiple GF
    -Quick
    -Explains neurovascular bundles
45
Q

Function of pericyte

A

-Prevents endothelial cell proliferation
-Maintains tight capillaries
e.g.) blood, brain barrier, in the retina

46
Q

Features of pericyte

A

-Immature ‘smooth muscle-cell like’ cell
-Found inside the basal lamina
-Key component of capillaries
-Contractile properties
-Nerve cell communication
-Able to differentiate into endothelial cell, SMC, fibroblast

47
Q

During human development, when does the sesamoid bone first appear

A

Post-natal period

48
Q

Where is the osteoprogenitor cell found

A

Periosteum under the connective tissue layer
(some on the endosteum)

49
Q

Function of canaliculi

A

Movement of nutrients

50
Q

Ossification centre in the diaphysis

A

Primary ossification centre

51
Q

Ossification centre in the epiphyses

A

Secondary ossification centre

52
Q

What separates the ossification centres

A

Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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