Session 5: Functional Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle Flashcards
The bones of the foot can be divided into three gross groups. Which? Say how many of each as well.
- Tarsal bones - 7 bones situated proximally
- Metatarsal bones - in between tarsal and phalanges. 5 in total, one for each toe.
- Phalanges - These are the bones of the toe. Each toe has 3 phalanges except for the big toe which only has 2.
What type of bone are the tarsal bones?
Irregular.
The foot can be divided into three regions. Which?
- Hindfoot
- Midfoot
- Forefoot
Which bones can be found in the hind foot?
The talus and calcaneus bones.
Which bones can be found in the mid foot?
The navicular, the cuboid and the cuneiforms bones.
Which bones can be found in the forefoot?
The metatarsals and the phalanges.
Which is the most superior bone of the foot/tarsal bones?
The talus.
What three articulations does the talus have?
Ankle joint between talus trochlear, tibia and fibula superiorly.
Subtalar join between talus and calcaneus inferiorly.
Talonavicular joint between the talus and navicular anteriorly.
What is the main function of the talus?
To transmit forces from the tibia to the calcaneus.
Mention the muscles that insert and originate from the talus.
No muscles insert or originate in the talus.
Why does the talus heal poorly?
Because of avascular necrosis. The blood supply is retrograde which means that it comes from the distal ends of the foot into the talus. It also lacks muscle attachments.
This makes the talus less effective of healing.
Which is the largest tarsal bone? Where can it be found?
The calcaneus which can be found inferior to the talus. (Heel)
What articulations does the calcaneus have?
Subtalar joint also called talocalcaneal joint between the talus and calcaneus superiorly.
Calcaneocuboid joint between the calcaneus and the cuboid which can be found anteriorly.
There is a protrusion posteriorly on the calcaneus. What is it called and what is its function?
It is called calcaneal tuberosity, here the achilles tendon attaches.
The calcaneus takes the full weight of the body when the heel contacts the ground when walking.
What is the proximal row of the tarsal bones?
The calcaneus and the talus.
What is the intermediate row of the tarsal bones?
It consists of only one bone and that is the navicular.
Location, articulation and insertion/origination of the the navicular bone.
Found medially articulating with the talus posteriorly and with all three cuneiform bones anteriorly and the cuboid bone laterally.
On the plantar surface of the navicular there is a tuberosity for the insertion of part of the tibias posterior tendon.
What is the distal row of the tarsal bones?
Four tarsal bones: cuboid, and the lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiforms bones.
Location, articulation and insertion/origination of the cuboid bone.
Furthest lateral.
Articulates proximally with the calcaneus and distally with the fourth and fifth metatarsals.
Plantar surface of the cuboid has a groove for the insertion of tendon of peroneus (fibularis) longus.
Location, articulation and function of the three cuneiforms.
Medial to the cuboid.
Articulates with the navicular proximally and distally with the first, second and third metatarsals.
Wedge shape of the cuneiform bones helps to form the transverse arch of the foot.
How are the metatarsals numbered?
By Roman numerals. I medially and V laterally.
What are the joints between the metatarsals and the tarsal bones called?
Tarsometatarsal joints.
What are the joints between the metatarsals called?
Intermetatarsal joints.
What are the joints between the metatarsal head and the proximal phalanx called?
Metatarsophalangeal joints.