Session 1: Basic Concepts in MSK Flashcards
Give some functions of bone.
Support Protection Metabolic (storage and release of calcium and phosphate) Storage Movement Haematopoeisis
What do bones store?
They are store calcium and phosphate. But also store important growth factors and cytokines like insulin-like growth factors etc.
Give some functions of skeletal muscle.
Locomotion Posture Metabolic (fast twitch/slow twitch) Venous return Heat production Continence (muscles of the pelvic floor are responsible for the maintenance of urinary and faecal continence)
Give examples of connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system.
Tendons Ligaments Fascia Cartilage (Hyaline and fibrocartilage most commonly) Synovial membrane
Give functions of tendons.
They connect muscle to bone. Their role is force-transmission from the contracting the muscle to the bone to which they are attached.
Give functions of ligaments.
They connect bone to bone. They support joints and prevent and excessive range of movement.
Give functions of the fascia.
To envelop groups of muscles and divide body parts into anatomical compartments. They can also serve a protective function for the underlying structure.
What is the fascia called in the thigh?
It’s called fascia lata and it is very tough.
Give functions of the hyaline cartilage.
It’s found on the ends of bones contributing to the joints. It’s smooth and creates a near to frictionless motion at the joint.
Give functions of fibrocartilage.
Higher collagen content than hyaline cartilage. It plays an important role in shock absorption and also bony congruity. Menisci e.g.
What is congruity?
It’s creating a complementary shape of bony surfaces to improve stability.
Give functions of the synovial membrane.
Tissue found within joints, bursar and tendon sheaths. It produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and make it as close to frictionless as it gets.
What other cells than the most common are found in bone?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes.
Briefly outline the ECM of bone.
In the ECM CaPO4 can be found also called calcium phosphate. It mineralises the extracellular matrix. In the ECM you can also collagen, not very much elastin, but also ground substance containing water and GAGs and proteoglycans.
What does the calcium phosphate do in terms of stability?
It gives great compressive strength.
What does the collagen do in terms of stability?
It gives great tensile strength.
How many bones can be found in the adult human?
206 bones.
How many vertebrae bones can be found?
26 vertebrae.
How many upper limb bones can be found?
64 in total. 32 on each side.
How many lower limb bones can be found?
62 in total. 31 on each side.
There are two divisions of skeleton, which?
The axial and appendicular skeleton.
Explain the axial skeleton.
It forms the longitudinal axis of the body.
Explain the appendicular skeleton.
Comprises the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Where are long bones mostly found?
In the appendicular skeleton.