Session 5 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards
Where do the gonads develop initially and where do they end up?
Gonads develop within mesonephric ridge and then descend through the abdomen before stopping gin the pelvis
What embryological structures fuse to form the uterus?
ParaMesonephric ducts
What is the CT capsule of the ovary?
tunica albuginea of ovary
What is the arterial supply of the ovaries?
Ovarian arteries come directly off abdominal aorta just below renal arteries
What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?
- Right ovarian vein comes off IVC
- Left ovarian vein comes off left renal vein which itself comes from IVC
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?
para aortic nodes
What are the 4 parts the uterus is made up of?
Fundus
Body
Uterine tubes
Cervix
What is the smooth muscle of the uterus called?
myometrium
What is the internal lining of the uterus called? Which layer is subject to growth and shedding?
endometrium
Stratum functionalis
What changes occur in the uterus to prepare it duringpregnancy?
myometrium undergoes hypertrophy
What are the 3 phases of the endometrium? What occurs to hormone secretion during each stage?
- Proliferative phase of endometrium – oestrogen secreted during folliculogenesis
- Secretory phase of endometrium – corpus luteum secretes progesterone which stimulates endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and encriching vascular supply to mucous membrane
- Menstrual phase – conceptus failes to implant. Withdrawal of hormones. Changes in vascular supply of endometrium and degeneration of bulk of upper endometrium
What is the position of the uterus in relation to the vagina and cervix?
AnteVerted – In relation to Vagina
AntifleXed – In relation to the cerviX
What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?
mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium
What is the round ligament a remnant of? What canal does it travel through?
- Remnant of gubernaculum
- Travels through inguinal canal
What is the lining of the endocervix and exocervix?
Endocervix:
Lined by columnar epithelium
Exocervix:
Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium.
Give the pathway of blood vessels that leads to the uterine artery
Abdominal aorta –> common iliac –> internal iliac –> anterior divison of internal iliac –> uterine
Give the venous drainage of the uterus. What is the pathway?
Uterine venous plexus –> uterine –> internal iliac –> common iliac –> IVC
Which lymphatic nodes drain the fundus, body and cervix?
Fundus: aortic nodes
Body: external iliac nodes
Cervix: External and internal iliac nodes and sacral nodes
What is the epithelium of the vagina?
Stratified squamous epithelia
What is the venous drainage of the vagina? State the pathway
Vaginal Plexus –> Vaginal –> Uterine –> Internal Iliac –> Common Iliac –> IVC
What innervates the uterus and vagina?
Inferior 1/5th of vagina receives somatic innervation from pudendal nerve S2-S4
Superior 4/5ths of vagina and uterus receives innervation from uterovaginal plexus
Where does the pain refer in vaginal/uteral injuries?
Above pelvic pain line – pain refers back up
Below pelvic pain line – pain refers locally
What are ovarian cysts derived from?
Follicles
What is salpingitis? What can it lead to and how? How can it result in ectopic pregnancies?
- Inflammation of uterine tube caused by MOs
- Causes fusions or adhesions of mucosa and can block its lumen leading to infertility
- Blocked or dysfunctional tubes may result in ectopic pregnancies
What is endometriosis? What are the symptoms?
- Ectopic endometrial tissue is dispersed to various sites along the peritoneal cavity and beyond
- Associated with severe period pain and/or infertility
Where is an endoetrial carcinoma likely to occur? What is a symptom?
- Junction between columnar cells of endocervix and squamous cells of exocervix is wher emost neoplasma form
- Major symptom Is abnormal uterine bleeding
What is bartholinitis?
infection or inflammation of greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
What is vaginismus?
Reflex of pubococcygeus muscle makes vaginal penetration painful or impossible
What is the false and true pelvis?
False pelvis = greater pelvis – no obstetric relevance
True pelvis = lesser pelvis – bony canal
Where is the obstetric conjugate measured from?
measured from sacral promontory to midpoint of pubic symphysis
Where is the diagonal conjugate measured from?
measured from sacral promontory to inferior border of pubic symphysis
What are the two ligaments of the pelvis?
Sacrospinous ligament
Sacrotuberous ligament
Where are the common sites of ectopic pregnancy?
ampullary, fimbrial, isthmic, interstitial
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
