Session 4.1 Flashcards
What is the difference between an acyanotic and a cyanotic heart disease?
Acyanotic = left to right shunt
Cyanotic = right to left shunt
What is an atrial septal defect?
An opening in the septum/wall between the two atria which persists following birth.
Because LA pressure is higher than RA pressure, flow will be from left to right
What is the most common location of an atrial septal defect?
Ostium secundum atrial septal defect
Nb: a patent foramen ovale is not a true atrial septal defect
What is the ductus arteriosus and what happens if it fails to close?
Ductus arteriosus = a vessel in the foetus to shunt blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before the lungs are functioning.
Failure to close = patent ductus arteriosus. Blood flow will be from aorta to pulmonary artery after birth (high to low pressure)
What is eisenmenger syndrome?
Ventricular septal defect
What is coarctation of the aorta?
A narrowing of the aortic lumen in the region of the ligamentum arteriosum (former ductus arteriosus)
The narrowing of the aorta increases the afterload on the left ventricle and can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy.
Blood flow to upper limbs and head are not compromised as vessels which supply to them are proximal to the coarctation, but blood flow to the rest of. The body is reduce.
What is the tetralogy of fallot?
A group of 4 lessons occurring together as result of a single developmental defect
It places the outflow portion of the intraventricular septum too far in the anterior and cephalad (towards head/anterior end of body) directions.
What are the four anomalies of the tetralogy of fallot?
1) Ventricular septal defect
2) Overriding aorta
3) Pulmonary stenosis - as a result, RV had to work at higher pressure. This leads to…
4) Right ventricular hypertrophy
What is cyanosis and what is it caused by?
Cyanosis = a bluish cast to the skin and mucous membranes
Usually caused by low oxygen levels in RBC or problems getting oxygenated blood around your body
What direction will blood flow in teratology of fallot?
Increased pressure on right side of the heart along with the VSD and overriding aorta allow right to left shunting and mixing of deoxygenated blood with oxygenated = cyanosis.
So its cyanotic.
What is tricuspid atresia?
Lack of developement of the tricuspid valve
Leaves no inlet to the RV
Must be a complete right to left shunt of all the blood returning to the right atrium and a VSD or PDA to allow blood flow to the lungs.
What does transposition of the great arteries result in?
Two unconnected parallel circulations instead of two circulations in series
In this defect the Rv is connected to the aorta and the left ventricular to the pulmonary trunk
What is hypoplastic left heart?
The left ventricle and ascending aorta fail to develop properly.
A patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defect are also present and blood supply to the systemic circulation is via the patent ductus arteriosus.
Must be corrected surgically or is fata;
