session 4

Question 1

What are the Patient FACTORS make patient

more liable for HAI

Answer 1

Age extreme of ages
Physiological state———–obesity or malnutrition

Pathological state —————diabetes, cancer, immunosuppression Surgical intervention

Social factors—-heavy smoking

place——-Emergency admission more liable to infection

Question 2

What is Hospital Acquired Infection?

Answer 2

Infections arising as a consequence of providing healthcare and onset is at least
48 hours after admission and / or 48 hours after discharge.

• Also includes infections in health care workers and
hospital visitors

Question 3

if the patient develops symptoms of infection after 10 hours of administration does this consider as the HAI

Answer 3

NO

Question 4

Examples of the Viruses.

causes HAI?

Answer 4

Blood porn viruses(HB,HC,HIV)

Norovirus, Influenza, Chicken pox

Question 5

Examples of the bacteria cause HAI

Answer 5

Staphylococcus aureus, 
clostridium defficili,
Escherichia coli,
klebsiella pneumonae,
pseudomonas aeroginosa,
mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 6

Examples of the fungi cause HAI

Answer 6

Candida albicans

Aspergillus species

Question 7

EXAMPLE ON PARASITE CAUSE HAI?

Answer 7

Parasite malaria.

Question 8

a most common HAI is

Answer 8

URINARY tract infection

Question 9

in order which the common infections that cause the HAI?

Answer 9

URINARY TRACT INFECTION( 40 %)
infection of the surgical site(20%)
lower respirtoy tract (15%)
bactermia tranmitted (primarlly by rhe IV and catherization )
cutenous infection

Question 10

Why HAI is important

Answer 10

Frequent, Impact on health care organization and preventable

Question 11

what is the 4Ps of infection prevention and control

Answer 11

patient
Optimize the patient health
Control interaction with visitors and other patients

pathogen
Minimize inappropriate antibiotic use a good level of vaccination in general population.
Healthy health workers.

practices

Modify health care workers activities to Prevent
spread of infection

place
Strict control to the Sterility of the environment prevent spread of infection

Question 12

how to optimize the health of the patient

Answer 12

Optimize the general patient’s condition

Smoking
Nutrition
Diabetes
Antimicrobial prophylaxis
Skin preparation before surgery

Hand hygiene

Question 13

what the specific screen that we use before surgery?

Answer 13

MRSA screening

Question 14

how we can prevent patient-to-patient transmission in HAI?

Answer 14

Physical barriers
Isolation of infected patients
Protection of susceptible patients

Question 15

Good practice to orevent spread infection from healthcare worker to patient

Answer 15

Hand hygiene
Good clinical techniques
Antimicrobial prescribing
Personal protective equipment

Question 16

Health care worker should be————- and ———-

Answer 16

Vaccinated

Disease free

Question 17

Environmental intervention to prevent HAI

Answer 17

Cleaning
Disinfectant
Steam cleaning
Hydrogen peroxide vapor

Medical devices
Single-use
Disinfection
Decontamination

Appropriate kitchen and food ward facilities
Good food hygiene practice

Question 18

describe Clostridium difficile LO7

Answer 18

Large, Gram + ve, blunt ends rods, motile, endospore-forming

Question 19

what mean by spores

Answer 19

To enhance survival during periods of environmental hostility (such as nutritional deprivation), some gram-positive rods undergo profound structural and metabolic changes. These result in the formation of a dormant cell called an endospore inside the original cell. Endospores can be released from the original cell as free spores

Question 20

C. difficile is an ———–infection and often due to the prolonged use of —————-that leads to ———

Answer 20

opportunistic
‘broad spectrum antibiotics

death of most of theintestinal flora thant normally inhibit the growth of the c.difficile

Question 21

C. Difficile transmittion

Answer 21

direct contact

by contaminant hands and surfaces
of health workers

fecal oral route

Question 22

Enterotoxin of C. difficile

Answer 22

toxin A

TOXIN B

Question 23

Toxin A

Answer 23

accumulation of fluid in the intestinal lumen by increasing permeability OF blood vessels

Question 24

Toxin B

Answer 24

cytotoxic responsible for ulceration of intestinal mucosa.

Question 25

Toxin B mechansim

Answer 25

Toxin B disrupts protein synthesis resulting in disorganization of cytoskeletal integrity and death of the epithelial cells

Question 26

which drugs commonly related to the c.difficile infection

Answer 26

amoxicillin
ampicillin 
carbapenems 
cephalosporine 
clindamycin
fluroquinolone

Question 27

Diagnosis: of c.difficle

Answer 27

History and clinical examination
Isolation of bacteria from stool
Detection of toxins by ELISA

Question 28

Treatment

Answer 28

Withdrawal of the offending antibiotic
Give metronidazole or vancomycin
Fluid replacement and pain killer
Mega colon → surgical resection