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infection and immunity > session 3 > Flashcards

session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

SIRS is defined as 2 or more of the following:

A 
fever ＞38 C Respiratory
HR ＞ 90 beat/min
rate ＞20/min
PaCO2 < 32mmHg
Abnormal
WBCs count ＞ 12000/mm3
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2
Q

The prevalence of sepsis is on the rise, factors could be many such as

A

ageing population
- immune suppression
evolving of multidrug resistant pathogens
increased number of low birth weight newborns

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3
Q

Severe sepsis inculde

A

It include :
 Organ dysfunction (renal failure, respiratory failure, delirium)
 Hypoperfusion (lactic acidosis)
 Hypotension (absolute systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg or greater than 40 mmHg below the patient baseline systolic blood pressure)

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4
Q

the TFN AND IL1 ARE PROINFLAMMATORY OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

A

Proinflammatory mediators

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5
Q

LI4 AND LI10 ?

A

ANTI-inflammatory factors

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6
Q

‘purpura fulminans

A

a blood clot forms and block these small vessels.

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7
Q

antibiotics for neisseria meningitidis

A

cefotaxime or ceftriaxone

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8
Q

prophylatic drugs for meningitis

A

the rifampin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone

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9
Q

Role of the immune system

A

Pathogen recognition= Cell surface and soluble receptor
▪ Contain/eliminate the infection = killing and clearance mechanism
▪ Regulating itself= Minimum damage to the host (resolution)
▪ Remembering Pathogen = Preventing the disease from recurring

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10
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Low PH Chemical barriers
▪ Skin 5.5 ▪ Stomach 1-3 ▪ Vagina 4.4
▪ Antimicrobial molecules ▪ IgA (tear, saliva, mucous membrane )
▪ Lysozyme (sebum, perspiration, urine)
▪ mucous (mucous membrane )
▪ β-defensins (epithelium) ▪ Gastric acid + pepsin

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11
Q

Examples of normal flora that inhabit… • The skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus (week 1, case 1) ▪ Staphylococcus epidermidis ▪ Streptococcus pyogenes ▪ Candida albicans ▪ Clostridium perfringens

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12
Q

The nasopharynx flora

A

▪ Streptococcus pneumoniae (week 3, case 2) ▪ Neisseria meningitides (week 3, lecture case) ▪ Haemophilus species

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13
Q

❖Normal flora

A

=>Serious infections in high-risk patients • Asplenic (and hyposplenic) patients • Patients with damaged or prosthetic valves • Patients with previous infective endocarditis

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14
Q

Oxygen dependent (respiratory burst in kiling bacteria

A

Hydrogen peroxide • Hydroxyl radical • Nitric oxide • Singlet oxygen • hypochlorite

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15
Q

Oxygen independent

A

Lysozyme • Acid hydrolases • Lactoferrin • Cationic proteins • Neutral proteases • Lysosomal contents

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16
Q

➢ Cytokines/Chemokines

A

▪ Chemoattraction ▪ Phagocyte activation ▪ Inflammation

17
Q

Anti-microbial actions of macrophage-derived TNFα/IL-1/IL-6

A

Liver (opsonins) • CRP • MBL (-> complement activation)
• Bone marrow • Neutrophil mobilization
• Inflammatory actions • Vasodilation • Vascular permeability • Adhesion molecules -> attraction of neutrophils
• Hypothalamus • Increased body temperature

18
Q

First lines of defense is responsible for Limit entry and growth of pathogens at portals of entry

A

Limit entry and growth of pathogens at portals of entry

19
Q

Second lines of defenses are responsible for

A

Contain and eliminate the infection

20
Q

Decrease spleen function

A

• Asplenic patients • Hyposplenic patients

21
Q

Decrease neutrophil number (1.8 x109/l)

A

• Cancer chemotherapy • Certain drugs (phenytoin) • Leukemia and lymphoma

22
Q

phenytoin decrease ——–cells

A

neutrophilis

23
Q

Decrease neutrophil function

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (No respiratory burst)

• Chediak-Higashi syndrome (no phagolysosomes formation)

24
Q

who peaples at risk of meningitis by neissiria meningiidis

A

1-persons with functional or surgical asplenia.
2-persons with complement deficiencies.
3-travelers to highly endemic areas (eg, sub-Saharan Africa).
4-“closed populations” such as: a- students living in dormitories
b- the military recruits
c- religious pilgrims
5-populations experiencing a community outbreak.
6-clinical laboratory workers (microbiologists

25
Q

N meningitidis growth in

A

chocolate agar and Thayer – Martin agar

26
Q

N. Meningitidis cause

A 
Meningitis
Arthritis
Pericarditis
Pneumonia
Urethritis
septicemia
27
Q

vaccinations recommended for-risk groups?

A

1-persons with functional or surgical asplenia.
2-persons with complement deficiencies.
3-travelers to highly endemic areas (eg, sub-Saharan Africa).
4-“closed populations”
5-populations experiencing a community outbreak.
6-clinical laboratory workers (microbiologists).

28
Q

Physiological barriers

A 
▪ Diarrhea
              •Food poisoning
▪ Vomiting
   • Food poisoning ،
    • Hepatitis
   • Meningitis
▪ Cough
   • Pneumonia
▪ Sneezing
      •Sinusitis

infection and immunity (4 decks)

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