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Endeavour - Human Bio 2 > session 4 > Flashcards

session 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

action potential phases

A
  • rapid depolarisation
  • plateau
  • repolarisation
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2
Q

what occurs dueing depol of the heart

A

fast sodium Na+ channels open for rapid depol

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3
Q

plateau pahse of the heart

A
  • slow calcium channels open
    • calcium binds to troponin
  • potassium channels open (K+)
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4
Q

repolarisation of the heart

A

calcium channels close

potassium channels open

This then goes back to resting membrane potential

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5
Q

refractory period

A

Long Period after a contraction which doesn’t allow a second contraction to occur

  • Tetanic contraction therefore not allowed - this is when they just remain contracted
    *
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A
  • electrical currents of the heart detected on skin surface
  • is a sum of all action potentials of active cells
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8
Q
A
  • A - P-Q segment
  • B - QRS complex
  • C - S-T segment
  • D - P-Q interval
  • E - Q-T interval
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9
Q

P wave represents

A

atrial depolarisation

  • impulse from SA node over atria
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10
Q

QRS complex represents

A

ventricular depol

  • spread of impulse through ventricles
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11
Q

T wave represents

A

ventricular repol

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12
Q

As atrial fibers depolarise the P wave appears. After the P wave begins..

A

The atria contract

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13
Q

pathway of electrical current

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
    • slight delay here to let atria contract
  • bundle branches
  • perkinje fibres
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14
Q

three phases of cardiac cycle

A
  • atrial systole
    • 0.1 sec
    • atria contract and blood through AV valves into ventricles
  • ventricular systole
    • 0.3 sec
    • ventricles contract and AV valves close
    • ventricular ejection
  • relaxation period
    • 0.4 sec
    • ventricular diastole
    • ventricular filling
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15
Q

End diastolic volume is

A

the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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16
Q

define isovolumetric contraction

A
  • AV and SL valaves are all closed
  • ventricular volume remains the same
17
Q

ventricular ejection

A
  • pressure rises and SL valaves open = blood ejection from heart
18
Q

end systolic volume ESV

A

amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole

19
Q

stoke volume

A

volume ejected per beat from each ventricle

20
Q

ventricular pressures

A
  • maximum BP in aorta is 120mmHg
  • max in pulmonary trunk 30mmHg
21
Q

why is left ventricular wall thicker

A

ejects same amount of blood with more force

22
Q

auscultation

A
  • listening to sounds within body
  • can hear heart sounds which result from turbulent blood flow and valve closure
23
Q

Four heart sounds

A
  • S1 (lubb)
    • closing of AV valves
  • S2 (dupp)
    • closing of SL valves
  • S3
    • rapid ventricular filling
  • S4
    • during atrial systole

Can only hear sound 1 and 2 in normal heart

24
Q

Heart murmur

A

Abnormal heart sound

  • some can be from backward blood movement in the heart
25
Q

Cardiac output

A
  • volume of blood from ventricle into aorta each minute
  • CO = SV x HR
    *
26
Q

what influences stroke volume

A
  • preload
    • frank-starling law of the heart
    • increased filling = more muscle stretch = more blood pumped out
  • contractility
  • afterload
    • pressure heart has to overcome before semilunar valve can open
27
Q

regulation of heart rate

A
  • neural factors
    • sympathetic impuses increse HR and contraction force
    • parasymp decresae HR
  • hormones and ions
    • eg adrenaline
  • other factrs
    • eg age, gender
28
Q

heart disease risk factors

A
  • high cholesterol
  • high BP
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • high fibrinogen levels
29
Q

clinical heart issues

A
  • MI = myocardial infarction
    • death of heart muscle from low oxygen
    • replaced with scar tissue
  • blood clot
  • angina pectoris
    • heart pain from ischaemia
30
Q

coronary artery disease/ coronary heart disease

A
  • heart receives inadewuate blood due to obstruction of its supply
  • eg
    • atherosclerosis
    • coronary artery spasm
    • clot
31
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • brought on by high BP, MI or CAD
  • heart begins to fail
  • left ventricular failure = pulmonary oedema
  • right ventricular = peripheral oedema

Endeavour - Human Bio 2 (20 decks)

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