Session 10 - Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Main functions of the respiratory system?

A

• Provides for gas exchange—intake of O2 and elimination of CO2 • Helps adjust the pH of body fluids • Contains receptors for sense of smell • Filters inspired air • Produces vocal sounds (phonation) • Excretes small amounts of water and heat

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2
Q

The three basic steps of respiration

A

• Ventilation (breathing) • External (pulmonary) respiration = exchanges of gases of the lungs with the blood • Internal (tissue) respiration = exchanges of gases from the blood to the cells

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3
Q

What does The upper respiratory system: consist of

A

• Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx (throat), and associated structures

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4
Q

What does The lower respiratory system consist of?

A

• Larynx (voice box) • Trachea (windpipe) • Bronchi (airways) • Lungs

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5
Q

What is the conducting zone consist of?

Function?

A

consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs.

•the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

oFunction: to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

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6
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

Function?

A

consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs

•the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

oFunction: the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

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7
Q

Nasal cavity duct openings?

A

Duct from the paranasal sinuses (which drain mucus) open in the nasal cavity and the nasolacrimal ducts (which drain tears - that’s why your nose runs when you cry) open in nasal cavity.

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8
Q

What type of Epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Also known as Airway epithelium

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which produce a moving mass of mucus.

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9
Q

Functions of the nasal structure

A

o Ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells:

Lines the nasal cavity

Warms air due to high vascularity

Mucous moistens air and traps dust

Cilia move mucous towards pharynx

o Olfactory epithelium: Detecting olfactory stimuli ( sense of smell)

o Paranasal sinuses: Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers. - gives us the ability to chnge pitch and tone. That’s why when you are sick your voice changes as the paranasal sinuses are full/blocked etc

• Resonance refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.

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10
Q

Functions and regions of rhe pharynx

A

o Functions:

Passageway for food and air

Resonating chamber for speech production

Tonsils (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body

o Distinct regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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11
Q

The larynx connects the…

and it’s function

A

laryngopharynx with the trachea

Function: voice production

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12
Q

What is the trachea ?

and what are the layers of thr tracheal wall?

A

The windpipe

Anterior to the oesophagus

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13
Q

Explain the bronichial tree? and the structural changes as the branching becomes more extensive

A

Consists of bronchi - they start large and end up small

The bronchial tree begins at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles

* refer to picture for order

Structural changes:

as the branching becomes more extensive -

oThe mucous membrane: (epithelial layer)

•Gradually changes from pseudostratified ciliated to cuboidal non-ciliated

oRings of cartilage:

•Gradually replaced by rings of smooth muscle and then connective tissue

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14
Q

What divides the Primary Bronchi into left and right

A

the trachea divides into a right primary bronchus and a left primary bronchus - supply each lung

oCarina: An internal ridge formed by a posterior and inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage, at the point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi

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15
Q

What does the Secondary bronchi supply?

What does the tertiary bronchi supply?

A

o Secondary bronchi: Supply each lobe of the lungs (3 right + 2 left)

o Tertiary bronchi: Supply each bronchopulmonary segment (10 in each lung)

• The teritary divide into bronchioles which in turn branch repeatedly and divide into smaller tubes called terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What role does the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

A

oSympathetic nervous system: stimulates adrenal glands to release epinephrine that relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscle.

• dilates airways and improves lung ventilation

o Parasympathetic nervous system: cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle

• constricts of distal bronchiole

17
Q

what is the Pleural membrane and pleural cavity ?

A

oPleural membrane: A double-layered serous membrane that enclose and protect each lung

  • Visceral pleura covers lungs
  • Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity

oPleural cavity: A potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

  • Contains a pleural fluid secreted by the membranes.
  • Reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing (inflation and deflation)
18
Q

Location of the lungs and what are they enclosed and protected by?

A

Location: in the thoracic cavity; extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.

oEnclosed and protected by the pleural membrane.

19
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lung have?

A

The right lung: three lobes separated by two fissures-Oblique and horizontal fissure

•The left lung: two lobes separated by one fissure-Oblique fissure

20
Q

medial (mediastinal) surface of the lungs

A

oBlood vessels and airways enter lungs at hilus

oForms root of lungs

oCovered with pleura (parietal becomes visceral)

21
Q

What’s the order of the Microscopic airways following on down the bronchial tree?

What are the lobules?

A

Terminal bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

alveoli

oLobules: Small compartments of bronchopulmonary segment

  • Wrapped in elastic connective tissue (function: stretch and recoil when breathing)
  • Each contains an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
22
Q

How many cell types are there of the alveoli sacs

A

3 - 4 types

Type 1 alveolar cells

Type 2 alveolar cells (septal cells)

Alveolar dust cells

Fibroblasts

23
Q

Type I alveolar cells:

A
  • Form a continuous lining of the alveolar wall. (form the sac)
  • Site for gas exchange.
  • Are the most prevalent alveolar cells

** Single layer of cells where gas passes through them into the pulmonary capillaries or from the capillaries into the alveoli

24
Q

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells):

A
  • Found between type I alveolar cells
  • Secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant (detergent)

–Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration - very important

25
Q

Alveolar dust cells

A

Wandering macrophages that remove debris

26
Q

Fibroblasts:

A

•Produce reticular and elastic fibers

27
Q

Blood supply to the lungs

Pulmonary arteries:

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation

28
Q

Blood supply to the lungs

Bronchial arteries:

A

branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs primarily perfusing the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

perfuse: supply (an organ or tissue) with a fluid by circulating it through blood vessels or other natural channels.

29
Q
A

Answers on tutorial print out

30
Q

Label microscopic anatomy of a lobule of the lung

A

Answers on tutorial print out

31
Q
A