Session 15 - Digestive System 3 – Small Intestine & Large Intestine Flashcards
Review: Digestion of carbohydrates
Review: protein digestion
Review: Lipid digestion
oMouth: Lingual lipase (activated in stomach)
oStomach: Gastric lipase(has a limited role in the adult) (kids digesting fats in breast milk)
oSmall Intestine:
- Bile salts
- Pancreatic lipase
- No enzymes in brush border
oTriglycerides are broken down into long/short chain fatty acids and monoglyceridesfor absorption
Digestion of Nucleic Acids (basically sugars joined together)
How does absorption occur in the small intestine?
oAbsorption: The passage of the end products of digestion from the GI tract (the gut) into the blood or lymph
oOccurs by:
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active transport
Essentially all carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides.
How are they absorbed into the epithelial cell and how do they move out of the epithelial cell into the bloodstream?
oAbsorption into epithelial cell
- Glucose and Galactose -sodium glucose symporter (active transport)
- Fructose -facilitated diffusion
oMovement out of epithelial cell into bloodstream
•by facilitated diffusion
How does Absorption occur of Amino Acids and Dipeptides into epithelial cell (of small intestine) and how do they move out into blood?
oAbsorption into epithelial cell
•active transport with Na+ or H+ ions (symporters)
oMovement out of epithelial cell into blood
•diffusion
Absorption of lipids
How are they absorbed into epithelial cell ?
How are they moved out?
oDietary lipids are all absorbed by simple diffusion.
oAbsorption into epithelial cell:
- Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides: absorbed as part of micelles
- Small fatty acids: simple diffusion
oMovement out of epithelial cell
- Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides: chylomicrons into the lacteal of a villus.
- Small fatty acids: simple diffusion into blood
Extra info ** They are absorbed as part of micelles - when the lipids are in the gut and they have been emulsified by the bile they form these little structures called micelles and when they move into the epithelial cell by simple diffusion, they then reassemble themselves into chylomicrons. That’s how they move out of the epithelial cell.
How are electrolytes abosrbed by the small intestine?
There are specific process on the epithelial cells that are involved in absorbing electrolytes
electrolytes such as..
sodium
chloride, iodide and nitrate
Iron, magnesium, potassium and phosphate ions
Calcium
Are absorbed by diffusion and secondary active transport
Define how vitamins such as fat soluble, water soluble and B12 are absorbed in the small intestine?
oFat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K):
•travel in micelles and are absorbed by simple diffusion
oWater-soluble vitamins (B and C):
•absorbed by diffusion
oB12 combines with intrinsic factor before it is transported into the cells
•receptor mediated endocytosis
** intrinsic factor Produced in the stomach to help absorb B12 in the small intestine
Explain water absorption in the small intestine
Absorption is by Osmosis
Osmosis from the lumen of the intestines through epithelial cells and into blood capillaries.
o Small intestine reabsorbs 8.3 liters
Functions of the large intestine
- Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis drive contents of colon into rectum.
- Bacteria in large intestine convert proteins to amino acids, break down amino acids, and produce some B vitamins and vitamin K.
- Absorbing some water, ions, and vitamins.
- Forming faeces and defecating (emptying rectum).
Anatomy of the large intestine - Name the divisions
Anatomical subdivisons :
- caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
Appendix
Mechanical digestion in the large intestine
oMechanical movements:
•Haustral churning - Slow contracting pockets that mixes the contents locally: Slow haustral contractions that occur about every 30 minutes and last approximately 1 minute.
•Peristalsis: If we want to move the contents along the large intestine - propels the contents along
3 to 12 contractions per minute
•Mass peristalsis: 3 or 4 times a day, during or immediately after a meal
Chemical digestion in the large intestine
oBacterial fermentation:
- Undigested carbohydrates: into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane gas
- Flatulence
- Undigested proteins: into indole, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, and fatty acids
- Fecal odour and Urinary excretion
- Bilirubin (bile pigment): into simpler pigments-Stercobilin
- Fecal colour (brown poo)
•Vitamins K and B produced in the colon