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Reproductive system > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When are Primary sexual characteristics established?

A

Before birth

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2
Q

How is the tissue composition different in a non lactating breast?

A

There is more specialised fat than mammary gland

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3
Q

Between what age is puberty in girls?

A

8-13

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4
Q

Between what age is puberty in boys?

A

9-14

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5
Q

What is the first step in female puberty?

A

Bread bud development (Thelarche)

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6
Q

What is Adrenarche?

A

Pubic hair growth

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7
Q

What is Menarche?

A

Onset of menstrual cycles

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8
Q

What is the sequence of puberty in girls?

A 
Thelarche
Adrenarche
Growth spurt (Short)
Menarche
Pubic hair adult
Breasts adult
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9
Q

What is the first step in male puberty?

A

Genitalia development begins

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10
Q

What is the sequence of puberty in males?

A 
Genitalia development begins
Adenarche
Spermatogenesis begins
Growth spurt (Longer)
Genitalia adult
Pubic hair adult
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11
Q

What ends the growth spurt in both sexes?

A

Epiphyseal fusion

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12
Q

Why doesn’t the reproductive system work before puberty?

A

Has the capacity to, but hormone levels are too low due to low levels of GnRH secretion from the Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the onset of puberty associated with?

A

Steady rise in FSH & LH secretion due to a rise in GnRH secretion

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14
Q

What does the level of pubic and axillary hair depend on?

A

Androgens in both sexes (Come from Adrenals in girls, Testosterone in boys)

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15
Q

What does breast development depend on?

A

Oestrogens

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16
Q

How can males develop breast tissue?

A

Testosterone can be converted to oestrogen causing some breast tissue to develop (Gynecomastea)

17
Q

What is the growth spurt dependent on?

A

GH
Steroids
Oestrogen closes the epiphyses earlier in girls

18
Q

What may be the cause of the timing of puberty?

A

A decreased sensitivity to the negative feedback by steroids
Maturation of central mechanisms within the brain
Pineal tumours

19
Q

What is the average critical weight for Menarche?

A

47 kg

May be signalled to the hypothalamus via leptins

20
Q

What does the Pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin (Due to changes in length of light, secreted when darkness)

21
Q

What is Precocious puberty?

A

Signs of puberty before the age of 8

22
Q

What are the causes of Precocious puberty?

A

Most unknown
Can be due to Pineal tumours
Can be due to Meningitis
Can be due to uncontrolled gonadotrophin or steroid secretion (Hormone secreting tumours)

23
Q

How can Meningitis cause Precocious puberty?

A

Inflammation causes stimulation of the central maturation centre

24
Q

What makes up the climacteric?

A

Pre menopause
Menopause
Post menopause

25
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Pre menopause?

A 
Typically from age 40
Changes in the menstrual cycle
Follicular phase shortens so ovulation early or absent
Less oestrogen secreted
LH & FSH rise
Reduced fertility
26
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Menopause?

A 
Cessation of menstrual cycles
Average ago 49-50
No more follicles left to develop
Oestrogen levels fall dramatically
FSH & LH levels rise (Esepcially FSH)
No inhibin
27
Q

What are some of the effects of the Menopause?

A 
Vascular changes - Hot flushes - due to falling levels of Oestrogen in the blood
Regression of the endometrium
Shrinking of the myometrium
Thinning of the cervix
Breast tissue reduction
Vaginal rugae lost
28
Q

What effect does the Menopause have on bone?

A

The density reduces as the protective mechanism of Oestrogen is lost. Risk of Osteoporosis increases

29
Q

How can the symptoms of the menopause be relieved?

A

Hormone replacement therapy - Oestrogen can be given orally or topically
Should give progesterone in females with uterus as prevents an increased risk of cancer

30
Q

How does the reproductive life of males end?

A

Insidious, no obvious event
Sperm production gradually declines until the system stops in late 70s/80s.
Testosterone levels drop

Reproductive system (16 decks)

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