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Cardiovascular System > Session 2 - Heart Anatomy And Control Of Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Session 2 - Heart Anatomy And Control Of Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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2
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

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3
Q

What are the 2 main vessels carrying blood to the heart?

A

Vena cava

Pulmonary vein

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4
Q

What are the 2 main vessels carrying blood away from the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

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5
Q

What is the difference in pressure between right and left side of the heart?

A

Right side of the heart is lower pressure than the left side of the heart

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6
Q

What is the difference in the type of blood that the left and right side of the heart deals with?

A

Left deals with oxygenated, right deals with deoxygenated

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7
Q

What is the definition of systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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8
Q

What is the definition of diastole?

A

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

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9
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle

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10
Q

What is the function of pulmonary valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What is the function of mitral valve?

A

Allows blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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12
Q

What is the function of aortic valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right ventricle to aorta

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13
Q

How do valves open and close?

A

Depends on differential blood pressure on each side

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14
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Cusps are pushed open to allow blood flow and close together to seal and prevent backflow

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15
Q

What are the functions of the papillary muscles and chordate tendineae?

A

Cusps of mitral and tricuspid valves attach to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae to prevent inversion of valves on systole

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16
Q

What are the 7 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Atrial contraction 
Isovolumetric contraction 
Rapid ejection 
Reduced ejection 
Isovolumetric relaxation 
Rapid filling 
Reduced filling
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17
Q

Where does blood flow during atrial contraction?

A

Atrial contracts, pushing the final 10% blood into the ventricle via the mitral/tricuspid valve

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18
Q

Where does blood flow during isovolumetric contraction?

A

Ventricle contracts and mitral/bicuspid valve closes as intraventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure, but intraventricular is not greater than aortic pressure yet, so blood remains in ventricle as aortic/pulmonary valve is not open yet

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19
Q

Where does blood flow during rapid ejection?

A

Intraventricular pressure exceeds aorta pressure, causing aortic valve to open and blood flows from ventricles into aorta rapidly

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20
Q

Where does blood flow during reduced ejection?

A

As ventricle repolarizes, rate of ejection of blood from ventricle to aorta begins to fall

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21
Q

How does blood flow during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Intraventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, a small backflow of plod forces closure of pulmonary/aortic valve. Volume of blood remains constant as all valves are closed

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22
Q

How does blood flow during rapid filling?

A

Intraventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, mitral valve opens and blood flows rapidly from atria to ventricles

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23
Q

How does blood flow during reduced filling?

A

Rate of filling slows down as ventricle reaches its inherent relaxed volume

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24
Q

When does mitral valve open?

A

Whenever atria pressure is greater than ventricular pressure - atrial contraction, rapid filling and reduced filling

25
Q

When does aortic valve open?

A

When interventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure - rapid and reduced ejection

26
Q

When does mitral valve close?

A

When ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

27
Q

When does aortic valve close?

A

When aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

28
Q

How does the first valve sound occur?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves close when intraventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

29
Q

How does the second valve sound occur?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve closes when there is a brief backflow of blood as aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

30
Q

Which part of the cardiac cycle does S1 occur?

A

Systole

31
Q

Which part of the cardiac cycle does S2 occur?

A

Diastole

32
Q

What is stenosis?

A

When valve doesn’t open enough or obstruction to blood flow when valve is supposed to open

33
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

When valves don’t close all the way, causing back leakage when valve is supposed to be closed

34
Q

What happens during aortic valve stenosis?

A

Less blood can get through valve, increasing left ventricular pressure leading to left ventricle hypertrophy

Left side of heart fails, not enough blood pumped causing syncope and angina

35
Q

What are 3 possible causes of aortic valve stenosis?

A

Degenerative fibrosis or calcification
Congenital bicuspid instead of tricuspid
Chronic rheumatic fever

36
Q

What do you hear during a aortic valve stenosis?

A

Blood finds it hard to flow when ventricle contract, so a crescendo-decrescendo murmur is heard during systole after S1

37
Q

What happens during aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Aortic valve doesn’t close properly during diastole, so blood flows back into LV during diastole, increases stroke volume, causing systolic pressure to increase and causes LV hypertrophy

38
Q

What are 2 causes of aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Aortic root dilation as leaflets are pulled apart

Valvular damage from endocarditis rheumatic fever

39
Q

What can you hear during aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Blood flows back into LV during diastole, so you will hear a early decrescendo diastolic murmur after S2

40
Q

What happens during mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Blood flows back to LA, increasing preload, may cause LV hypertrophy

41
Q

What are 4 causes of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Myxomatosis degeneration which weakens tissue
Damage to papillary muscle after heart attack
Left sided heart failure leads to LV dilation
Rheumatic fever leads to leaflet fibrosis

42
Q

What can you hear during mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Holosystolic murmur during systole

43
Q

What happens during mitral valve stenosis?

A

Blood doesn’t flow to left ventricle well, increases LA pressure, causing LA dilation, causes esophagus compression and atrial fibrillation

44
Q

When can you hear during mitral valve stenosis?

A

Snap as valve opens and a diastolic rumble

45
Q

What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever leads to commissural fusion of valve leaflets

46
Q

What is after load?

A

The resistance that the heart must eject blood against

47
Q

What is preload?

A

Amount the ventricles are stretched in diastole

48
Q

What is central venous pressure?

A

Pressure in large veins draining into the heart

49
Q

What is arterial pressure?

A

Pressure in the large arteries

50
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Resistance to blood flow offered by all the systemic vasculature

51
Q

What are the 2 factors affecting cardiac output?

A

Heart rate

Stroke volume

52
Q

What happens to MAP and CVP when TPR decreases and CO remains the same?

A

Mean arterial pressure would fall but venous pressure increases

53
Q

What happens to MAP and CVP if cardiac output increases but TPR is unchanged?

A

MAP increases but CVP decreases

54
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?

A

The more the heart fills, the harder it contracts, the bigger the stroke volume

55
Q

How does the 2 parts of the Starling curve look like?

A

Linear until normal operation point, after that starts to plateau

56
Q

What is contractility?

A

Force of contraction per given fibre length

57
Q

How does contractility affect the Starling curve?

A

Increase in contractility = steeper curve

58
Q

What are the 2 main factors affecting cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume

Heart rate

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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