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Cardiovascular System > Session 2 - Heart Anatomy And Control Of Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Session 2 - Heart Anatomy And Control Of Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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2
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

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3
Q

What are the 2 main vessels carrying blood to the heart?

A

Vena cava

Pulmonary vein

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4
Q

What are the 2 main vessels carrying blood away from the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

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5
Q

What is the difference in pressure between right and left side of the heart?

A

Right side of the heart is lower pressure than the left side of the heart

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6
Q

What is the difference in the type of blood that the left and right side of the heart deals with?

A

Left deals with oxygenated, right deals with deoxygenated

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7
Q

What is the definition of systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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8
Q

What is the definition of diastole?

A

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

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9
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle

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10
Q

What is the function of pulmonary valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What is the function of mitral valve?

A

Allows blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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12
Q

What is the function of aortic valve?

A

Allows blood flow from right ventricle to aorta

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13
Q

How do valves open and close?

A

Depends on differential blood pressure on each side

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14
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Cusps are pushed open to allow blood flow and close together to seal and prevent backflow

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15
Q

What are the functions of the papillary muscles and chordate tendineae?

A

Cusps of mitral and tricuspid valves attach to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae to prevent inversion of valves on systole

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16
Q

What are the 7 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Atrial contraction 
Isovolumetric contraction 
Rapid ejection 
Reduced ejection 
Isovolumetric relaxation 
Rapid filling 
Reduced filling
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17
Q

Where does blood flow during atrial contraction?

A

Atrial contracts, pushing the final 10% blood into the ventricle via the mitral/tricuspid valve

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18
Q

Where does blood flow during isovolumetric contraction?

A

Ventricle contracts and mitral/bicuspid valve closes as intraventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure, but intraventricular is not greater than aortic pressure yet, so blood remains in ventricle as aortic/pulmonary valve is not open yet

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19
Q

Where does blood flow during rapid ejection?

A

Intraventricular pressure exceeds aorta pressure, causing aortic valve to open and blood flows from ventricles into aorta rapidly

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20
Q

Where does blood flow during reduced ejection?

A

As ventricle repolarizes, rate of ejection of blood from ventricle to aorta begins to fall

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21
Q

How does blood flow during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Intraventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, a small backflow of plod forces closure of pulmonary/aortic valve. Volume of blood remains constant as all valves are closed

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22
Q

How does blood flow during rapid filling?

A

Intraventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, mitral valve opens and blood flows rapidly from atria to ventricles

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23
Q

How does blood flow during reduced filling?

A

Rate of filling slows down as ventricle reaches its inherent relaxed volume

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24
Q

When does mitral valve open?

A

Whenever atria pressure is greater than ventricular pressure - atrial contraction, rapid filling and reduced filling

25
When does aortic valve open?
When interventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure - rapid and reduced ejection
26
When does mitral valve close?
When ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure
27
When does aortic valve close?
When aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
28
How does the first valve sound occur?
Mitral and tricuspid valves close when intraventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure
29
How does the second valve sound occur?
Aortic and pulmonary valve closes when there is a brief backflow of blood as aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
30
Which part of the cardiac cycle does S1 occur?
Systole
31
Which part of the cardiac cycle does S2 occur?
Diastole
32
What is stenosis?
When valve doesn’t open enough or obstruction to blood flow when valve is supposed to open
33
What is regurgitation?
When valves don’t close all the way, causing back leakage when valve is supposed to be closed
34
What happens during aortic valve stenosis?
Less blood can get through valve, increasing left ventricular pressure leading to left ventricle hypertrophy Left side of heart fails, not enough blood pumped causing syncope and angina
35
What are 3 possible causes of aortic valve stenosis?
Degenerative fibrosis or calcification Congenital bicuspid instead of tricuspid Chronic rheumatic fever
36
What do you hear during a aortic valve stenosis?
Blood finds it hard to flow when ventricle contract, so a crescendo-decrescendo murmur is heard during systole after S1
37
What happens during aortic valve regurgitation?
Aortic valve doesn’t close properly during diastole, so blood flows back into LV during diastole, increases stroke volume, causing systolic pressure to increase and causes LV hypertrophy
38
What are 2 causes of aortic valve regurgitation?
Aortic root dilation as leaflets are pulled apart | Valvular damage from endocarditis rheumatic fever
39
What can you hear during aortic valve regurgitation?
Blood flows back into LV during diastole, so you will hear a early decrescendo diastolic murmur after S2
40
What happens during mitral valve regurgitation?
Blood flows back to LA, increasing preload, may cause LV hypertrophy
41
What are 4 causes of mitral valve regurgitation?
Myxomatosis degeneration which weakens tissue Damage to papillary muscle after heart attack Left sided heart failure leads to LV dilation Rheumatic fever leads to leaflet fibrosis
42
What can you hear during mitral valve regurgitation?
Holosystolic murmur during systole
43
What happens during mitral valve stenosis?
Blood doesn’t flow to left ventricle well, increases LA pressure, causing LA dilation, causes esophagus compression and atrial fibrillation
44
When can you hear during mitral valve stenosis?
Snap as valve opens and a diastolic rumble
45
What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?
Rheumatic fever leads to commissural fusion of valve leaflets
46
What is after load?
The resistance that the heart must eject blood against
47
What is preload?
Amount the ventricles are stretched in diastole
48
What is central venous pressure?
Pressure in large veins draining into the heart
49
What is arterial pressure?
Pressure in the large arteries
50
What is total peripheral resistance?
Resistance to blood flow offered by all the systemic vasculature
51
What are the 2 factors affecting cardiac output?
Heart rate | Stroke volume
52
What happens to MAP and CVP when TPR decreases and CO remains the same?
Mean arterial pressure would fall but venous pressure increases
53
What happens to MAP and CVP if cardiac output increases but TPR is unchanged?
MAP increases but CVP decreases
54
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
The more the heart fills, the harder it contracts, the bigger the stroke volume
55
How does the 2 parts of the Starling curve look like?
Linear until normal operation point, after that starts to plateau
56
What is contractility?
Force of contraction per given fibre length
57
How does contractility affect the Starling curve?
Increase in contractility = steeper curve
58
What are the 2 main factors affecting cardiac output?
Stroke volume | Heart rate

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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