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Session 1 - Structure And Function Of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

How many pumps are there is in the heart?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the 2 main components of the right side of the heart?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

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3
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receive deoxygenated blood from body

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4
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pump deoxygenated blood out through pulmonary artery to lungs

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5
Q

What are the 2 components of the left side of the heart?

A

Left atrium and ventricle

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6
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from lungs

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7
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood out through aorta to body

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves and outflow valves

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9
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves and which side of the heart are they at?

A

Triscupid on right and mitral on left

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10
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

Separate atrium and ventricles, control flow of blood from atria and ventricles

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11
Q

What does the atrioventricular Valves do when ventricles are relaxed?

A

Open to allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles

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12
Q

What does the atrioventricular valves do when ventricles contract?

A

Close to prevent blood flowing back into atria

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13
Q

What causes atrioventricular valves to close?

A

Small back flow of blood at the start of systole

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14
Q

What are the 2 outflow valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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15
Q

What do the outflow valves do during systole?

A

Open as pressure increases during systole

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16
Q

What do the outflow valves do during diastole?

A

Close as pressure in ventricles drops below that of the arteries

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17
Q

What causes outflow valves to close?

A

Small backflow of blood causes valves to close when pressure in aorta or pulmonary trunk exceeds that of the left or right ventricle respectively

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18
Q

Where does the heart get its blood supply from?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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19
Q

What is haemodynamics?

A

Physical factors that control blood flow

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20
Q

How does blood move with regards to pressure?

A

From relative high to low pressure regions

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21
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid collected from unclothed blood

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22
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid collected from clotted blood or plasma without clotting factors

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23
Q

What is blood flow?

A

Volume transferred per unit time (L/min)

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24
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area (mmHg)

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25
What is conductance?
Measure of ease of flow
26
What is resistance?
Measure of difficulty of flow or difference in mean pressure needed to move one unit of flow in steady state
27
What is Darcy’s Law?
Flow = change in pressure / resistance
28
What is vascular resistance?
Resistance to flow in blood vessels
29
How is flow and resistance related?
Inversely
30
How is pressure gradient and resistance related?
Directly
31
What is laminar flow?
Moves in stream lines in a very organized manner and smoothly, maintaining energy
32
How does laminar flow sound like?
Silent
33
What is turbulent flow?
Disorganized flow, losing energy
34
How does turbulent flow sound like?
Noisy
35
What is Reynolds number?
Point where the pressure increases until flow cannot match it linearly anymore
36
What are 2 examples of when turbulent flow is present?
Changing direction of vessels or in stenosed arteries
37
What is stenosis?
Abnormal discrete narrowing of an artery or open area of a heart valve
38
What are the 3 factors that can affect resistance to flow?
Diameter, length of vessel and viscosity
39
What is the most important factor that affects resistance?
Diameter
40
What is Poiseuille’s Law?
Flow = pressure gradient x pi x r^4 / 8 x viscosity x length
41
Why does radius have a big impact on flow and resistance based on Poiseuille’s Law?
It is power to 4
42
Which vessels contribute most to total peripheral resistance?
Arterioles and smallest arteries
43
What is velocity?
Distance fluid moves in a given time (cm/s)
44
How is flow of blood related to velocity?
F = V x A
45
How is velocity related to radius?
Inversely related to r^2
46
Which vessels have the slowest velocity?
Capillaries as cross sectional area added together is very vast
47
What are 2 reasons why lower velocity is useful in capillaries?
More time to deliver oxygen and nutrients Wouldn’t be able to withstand high velocity as walls are thin
48
What is systolic pressure?
Highest point of graph
49
What is diastolic pressure?
Lowest point of graph
50
How to calculate pulse pressure?
Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure
51
What is mean arterial pressure?
DBP + PP/3
52
What happens to organs below 70mmHg?
Organ perfusion becomes impaired
53
What is cardiac output?
Stroke volume x heart rate
54
What is pressure difference?
Mean aortic pressure - central venous pressure
55
What is total peripheral resistance?
Mean aortic pressure / cardiac output
56
What are 2 factors that governs pulse pressure?
Volume of blood ejected | Compliance of arterial system
57
How does exercise impact pulse pressure?
Increased stroke volume = increased pulse pressure
58
How does haemorrhage affect pulse pressure?
Loss of blood = decreased volume = decreased pulse pressure
59
What is pulse?
Shockwave that arrives slightly before blood
60
What are three causes of bounding pulse?
Bradycardia, vasodilation, elite athletes exercise
61
Can thrill be felt or heard?
Felt
62
Can bruit be felt or heard?
Heard
63
What kind of sounds are used to estimate blood pressure?
Korotkoff sounds
64
What is the effect of gravity on blood pressure?
Below the level of heart = greater | Above level of heart = lower
65
What is the cause of postural hypotension?
Pooling of blood occurs below level of heart upon standing in the venous system, decreased stroke volume, transient arterial hypotension, dizziness upon standing
66
What happens to the velocity of blood through a stenosed vessel?
Increased as radius decreases
67
What can be heard during measurement of blood pressure?
When cuff inflates, it occluded blood vessel and when it is gradually released, turbulent flow begins, producing Korotkoff sounds and that is when systolic pressure is noted. As it becomes silent, it is when blood is in laminar flow, that is the diastolic pressure.
68
What is mean arterial pressure?
CO x TPR
69
What is mediastinum?
Intervening region in thoracic cavity between right and left pleural cavities
70
Where does the heart lie?
Middle mediastinum
71
What does the phrenic nerves supply?
Pericardium
72
What are the 2 layers of the pericardial sac?
Strong fibrous outer layer | Inner serous layer
73
What are the 2 layers of the inner serous layer of pericardial sac?
Visceral pericardium | Parietal pericardium
74
What does the visceral pericardium adhere to?
External wall of heart
75
What does the parietal pericardium adhere to?
Inner layer of fibrous pericardium
76
What is the pericardial cavity?
Space between 2 layers of serous pericardium
77
What is the clinical relevance of transverse pericardial sinus?
Enables surgeon to clamp aorta
78
What are the 8 blood vessels to cut through to remove heart?
1. Aorta 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Inferior vena cava 4. Superior vena cava 5. Left superior pulmonary vein 6. Right superior pulmonary vein 7. Left inferior pulmonary vein 8. Right inferior pulmonary vein
79
How to identify left and right coronary arteries?
First arteries to arise from aorta

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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