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Cardiovascular System > Session 1 - Structure And Function Of CVS > Flashcards

Session 1 - Structure And Function Of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

How many pumps are there is in the heart?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the 2 main components of the right side of the heart?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

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3
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receive deoxygenated blood from body

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4
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pump deoxygenated blood out through pulmonary artery to lungs

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5
Q

What are the 2 components of the left side of the heart?

A

Left atrium and ventricle

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6
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from lungs

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7
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood out through aorta to body

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves and outflow valves

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9
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves and which side of the heart are they at?

A

Triscupid on right and mitral on left

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10
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

Separate atrium and ventricles, control flow of blood from atria and ventricles

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11
Q

What does the atrioventricular Valves do when ventricles are relaxed?

A

Open to allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles

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12
Q

What does the atrioventricular valves do when ventricles contract?

A

Close to prevent blood flowing back into atria

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13
Q

What causes atrioventricular valves to close?

A

Small back flow of blood at the start of systole

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14
Q

What are the 2 outflow valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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15
Q

What do the outflow valves do during systole?

A

Open as pressure increases during systole

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16
Q

What do the outflow valves do during diastole?

A

Close as pressure in ventricles drops below that of the arteries

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17
Q

What causes outflow valves to close?

A

Small backflow of blood causes valves to close when pressure in aorta or pulmonary trunk exceeds that of the left or right ventricle respectively

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18
Q

Where does the heart get its blood supply from?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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19
Q

What is haemodynamics?

A

Physical factors that control blood flow

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20
Q

How does blood move with regards to pressure?

A

From relative high to low pressure regions

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21
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid collected from unclothed blood

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22
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid collected from clotted blood or plasma without clotting factors

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23
Q

What is blood flow?

A

Volume transferred per unit time (L/min)

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24
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area (mmHg)

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25
Q

What is conductance?

A

Measure of ease of flow

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26
Q

What is resistance?

A

Measure of difficulty of flow or difference in mean pressure needed to move one unit of flow in steady state

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27
Q

What is Darcy’s Law?

A

Flow = change in pressure / resistance

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28
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Resistance to flow in blood vessels

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29
Q

How is flow and resistance related?

A

Inversely

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30
Q

How is pressure gradient and resistance related?

A

Directly

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31
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Moves in stream lines in a very organized manner and smoothly, maintaining energy

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32
Q

How does laminar flow sound like?

A

Silent

33
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Disorganized flow, losing energy

34
Q

How does turbulent flow sound like?

A

Noisy

35
Q

What is Reynolds number?

A

Point where the pressure increases until flow cannot match it linearly anymore

36
Q

What are 2 examples of when turbulent flow is present?

A

Changing direction of vessels or in stenosed arteries

37
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Abnormal discrete narrowing of an artery or open area of a heart valve

38
Q

What are the 3 factors that can affect resistance to flow?

A

Diameter, length of vessel and viscosity

39
Q

What is the most important factor that affects resistance?

A

Diameter

40
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Flow = pressure gradient x pi x r^4 / 8 x viscosity x length

41
Q

Why does radius have a big impact on flow and resistance based on Poiseuille’s Law?

A

It is power to 4

42
Q

Which vessels contribute most to total peripheral resistance?

A

Arterioles and smallest arteries

43
Q

What is velocity?

A

Distance fluid moves in a given time (cm/s)

44
Q

How is flow of blood related to velocity?

A

F = V x A

45
Q

How is velocity related to radius?

A

Inversely related to r^2

46
Q

Which vessels have the slowest velocity?

A

Capillaries as cross sectional area added together is very vast

47
Q

What are 2 reasons why lower velocity is useful in capillaries?

A

More time to deliver oxygen and nutrients

Wouldn’t be able to withstand high velocity as walls are thin

48
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Highest point of graph

49
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Lowest point of graph

50
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure?

A

Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure

51
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

DBP + PP/3

52
Q

What happens to organs below 70mmHg?

A

Organ perfusion becomes impaired

53
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

54
Q

What is pressure difference?

A

Mean aortic pressure - central venous pressure

55
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Mean aortic pressure / cardiac output

56
Q

What are 2 factors that governs pulse pressure?

A

Volume of blood ejected

Compliance of arterial system

57
Q

How does exercise impact pulse pressure?

A

Increased stroke volume = increased pulse pressure

58
Q

How does haemorrhage affect pulse pressure?

A

Loss of blood = decreased volume = decreased pulse pressure

59
Q

What is pulse?

A

Shockwave that arrives slightly before blood

60
Q

What are three causes of bounding pulse?

A

Bradycardia, vasodilation, elite athletes exercise

61
Q

Can thrill be felt or heard?

A

Felt

62
Q

Can bruit be felt or heard?

A

Heard

63
Q

What kind of sounds are used to estimate blood pressure?

A

Korotkoff sounds

64
Q

What is the effect of gravity on blood pressure?

A

Below the level of heart = greater

Above level of heart = lower

65
Q

What is the cause of postural hypotension?

A

Pooling of blood occurs below level of heart upon standing in the venous system, decreased stroke volume, transient arterial hypotension, dizziness upon standing

66
Q

What happens to the velocity of blood through a stenosed vessel?

A

Increased as radius decreases

67
Q

What can be heard during measurement of blood pressure?

A

When cuff inflates, it occluded blood vessel and when it is gradually released, turbulent flow begins, producing Korotkoff sounds and that is when systolic pressure is noted. As it becomes silent, it is when blood is in laminar flow, that is the diastolic pressure.

68
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

CO x TPR

69
Q

What is mediastinum?

A

Intervening region in thoracic cavity between right and left pleural cavities

70
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

Middle mediastinum

71
Q

What does the phrenic nerves supply?

A

Pericardium

72
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Strong fibrous outer layer

Inner serous layer

73
Q

What are the 2 layers of the inner serous layer of pericardial sac?

A

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

74
Q

What does the visceral pericardium adhere to?

A

External wall of heart

75
Q

What does the parietal pericardium adhere to?

A

Inner layer of fibrous pericardium

76
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space between 2 layers of serous pericardium

77
Q

What is the clinical relevance of transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Enables surgeon to clamp aorta

78
Q

What are the 8 blood vessels to cut through to remove heart?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary trunk
  3. Inferior vena cava
  4. Superior vena cava
  5. Left superior pulmonary vein
  6. Right superior pulmonary vein
  7. Left inferior pulmonary vein
  8. Right inferior pulmonary vein
79
Q

How to identify left and right coronary arteries?

A

First arteries to arise from aorta

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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