Session 2: Classification Flashcards
What are extremophiles?
Organisms found in extreme conditions/climate
What are the eight terms used to classify organisms and what is an acronym to remember?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Acronym: Dope Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets
What are the three domains and the five kingdoms?
Domains: Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya.
Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Define Archaea.
Domain, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, often extremophiles, plasma membrane made from ether (linked lipids), no peptidoglycan in cells.
Define Eubacteria.
Domain, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, plasma membrane made from phospholipid bilayer, peptidoglycan cell walls, “true” bacteria and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic).
Define Eukarya.
Domain, unicellular or multicellular, membrane bound organelles, plasma membrane made from phospholipids, no pepitidoglycan in the cell walls of those eukaryotes that have cell walls.
Define Monera.
Kingdom, prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea), unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, autotrophs and heterotrophs
Define Protista.
Kingdom, eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, generally aquatic, autotrophs and heterotrophs –> protozoans (animal-like), algae (plant-like), molds (fungi-like).
Define Fungi.
Kingdom, eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, chitin cell wall, heterotrophs (external digestion, many are saprotrophs).
Define Plantae.
Kingdom, eukaryotes, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, autotrophs, photosynthetic.
Define Animalia.
Kingdom, eukaryotes, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophs, vertebrates and invertebrates.
What are the plant divisions/phylum?
Bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta, and angiospermophyta.
Define bryophyta.
phylum, no leaves, roots, or stems, no vascularisation, spores for reproduction, anchored by rhizads, example is mosses.
Define filicinophyta.
phylum, Have leaves, roots, and/or stems, have vascularisation, spores for reproduction, leaves are pinnate, example is ferns.
Define coniferophyta.
phylum, Have leaves, roots, and/or stems, have vascularisation, seeds (in cores) for reproduction, woody stems, conifers and pine trees are examples.
Define angiospermophyta.
phylum, Have leaves, roots, and/or stems, have vascularisation, seeds (in fruits) for reproduction, have flowers and fruits, examples are flowers.
What are the animal phylum?
Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, anthropoda, and chordata.
Define porifera.
phylum, asymmetrical, no body cavities (have pores), no segmentation, spicules for support, examples are sea sponges.
What is segmentation?
The division of some parts into a series of repetitive segments.
Define cnidaria.
phylum, Radial symmetry, mouth but no anus, no segmentation, stinging cells, examples are jellyfish and coral.
Define platyhelmintha.
phylum, bilateral symmetry, mouth no anus, no segmentation, flattened body, examples are tapeworms.
Define annelida.
phylum, bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, segmented, move via peristalsis, examples are earthworms and leeches.
Define mollusca.
phylum, bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, non-visible segmentation (mantle and foot), may have a shell (made by mantle), examples are snails, octopi, and squid.
Define anthropoda
phylum, bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, segmented, exoskeleton (chitin), examples are insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
Define chordata.
phylum, bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, segmented, vertebrates, examples are most common animals you can think of.
What are the chordata classes?
chondrichthyes (sharks and sting rays),
osteichthyes (bony fish),
amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders),
reptilia (turtles, snakes, lizards)
aves (birds)
mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, placentals).
What is bilateral and radial symmetry?
Bilateral: opposite sides are similar (think butterfly)
Radial: multiple sides of similarity (think starfish)
What are the qualities of fish?
scales made of bony plates, external reproduction, gills to breathe, ectothermic temperature, have a swim bladder.
What are the qualities of amphibians?
moist skin, external reproduction, breathe through lungs and skin, ectothermic temperature, larval state in water, adult on land.
What are the qualities of reptiles?
scales made of keratin, internal reproduction (lays soft eggs), breathe through lungs with extensive folding, ectothermic temperature, simple teeth with no living tissue.
What are the qualities of birds?
feathers, internal reproduction (lays hard eggs), breathes through lungs with bronchial tubes, endothermic temperature, have wings and beaks with no teeth.
What are the qualities of mammals?
hair, internal reproduction (live births, except monotremes which lay eggs), breathe through lungs with alveoli, endothermic temperature, feed young with milk from mammary gland.
Define endothermic and ectothermic.
Endothermic: use internally generated heat to maintain body temperature.
Ectothermic: use external heat sources to maintain body temperature.
