Session 1 - Exam 2 Flashcards
What is CHON?
CHON refers to the number of bonds the necessary elements of life can make. Carbon can make 4, hydrogen can make 1, oxygen can make 2, and nitrogen can make 3.
What is a carbohydrate?
A carbohydrate is carbons with attached water molecules (H20). Sugar molecules. They are the main form of energy and energy storage for living things.
How can you identify a carbohydrate?
A carbohydrate will be displayed as Cx(H20)y. For example, C6(H20)6 is glucose. The full formula for glucose is C6H12O6. In other words, a carbohydrate will have twice the number of hydrogens than oxygens. E.g. H 12 and O 6 from glucose.
What does saccharides mean? What are the main 3 monosaccharides?
Saccharides means sugars. Glucose, Fructose, and galactose. They are known as isomers because they have the same molecular formula but different arrangements.
How can you identify glucose (with reference to Alpha and Beta Glucose)?
Glucose has OH on the bottom of Carbon 4 (opposite to galactose). Alpha Glucose has OH on the bottom of Carbon 1, and Beta Glucose has OH on the top of Carbon 1.
How can you identify Galactose (with reference to Alpha and Beta Galactose)?
Galactose has OH on the top of Carbon 4 (opposite to glucose). Alpha Galactose has OH on the bottom of Carbon 1, and Beta Galactose has OH on the top of Carbon 1.
What is condensation?
2 molecules join to form a larger molecule, with the release of a water molecule (a water molecule is displaced).
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is the opposite of condensation (broken into 2 with the addition of a water molecule).
How can you identify a fructose (with reference to Alpha and Beta frucose)?
A fructose has a pentagon shape as opposed to the hexagonal shape of galactose or glucose. Alpha fructose has OH on the bottom and Beta fructose has OH on the top of the first carbon on the right.
What is a glycosidic bond? Describe the bonds for chains:
A glycosidic bond is a bond that joins a saccharide molecule and the hydroxyl group of an organic compound (hydroxyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group). 1- 4 bonds for chains are horizontal, 1 - 6 bonds are vertical.
What is sucrose?
Alpha glucose and beta fructose (it is a disaccharide)
What is a lipid?
A lipid is a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group attached together. Fats and oils.
What is a functional group and what are the three main functional groups?
A functional group describes the function of an organic compound. The first group is the hydroxyl group (OH) (alcohol), the carboxyl group (COOH) (acids), and the amine group (NH2).
Describe the arrangement of COOH.
COOH is a carbon double bonded with an oxygen, and single bonded with OH. This in total is three bonds and therefore the final bond attaches it to the rest of the molecule (R).
Describe the structure of a lipid.
A lipid is a hydroxyl group bonded with three carboxyl groups through condensation.
What is saturated fat (a saturated carbon)?
A carbon that is attached to 4 different groups (because carbons have the ability to make 4 bonds).
What is unsaturated fat (an unsaturated carbon)?
A carbon that is attached to 3 or less groups (e.g. with a double bond or triple bond).
What are fatty acids and how can they be classified?
Fatty acids are a hydroxyl group bonded with a carboxyl group. They can be classified as saturated (each carbon with four groups), monounsaturated (one double bond), or polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds).
Why can a lipid’s structure be spreading/its tails are not straight lines? What does this mean?
The lipid has double bonds, which are shorter than regular bonds resulting in the bend of chains. Tails spreads apart so the molecules can’t be packed close together (it’s a liquid). Solids are things that can be packed close together, liquids are further apart.
If a lipid is a solid or liquid can tell you what?
When a lipid is solid it is a fat which means it is generally from an animal. When a lipid is liquid it is an oil which means it is generally from a plant. Furthermore, saturated lipids are generally fats (animals) and unsaturated lipids are generally oils (plants).
What is cis and trans fat (fatty acids)? Is it saturated or unsaturated?
They are both unsaturated. Cis and trans fat refers to the position of a hydrogen and carbon chains in relation to double bonding. In cis fat, the hydrogen and carbon chains are on the same side (they mirror each other). In trans fat, the hydrogen and carbon chains are on opposite sides (e.g. if the hydrogen is on the top of the first carbon then the hydrogen is on the bottom of the second carbon).
What is a phospholipid?
A phospholipid is where one acid group of a lipid is replaced by a phosphorus.
How many calories per gram are there for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
Carbohydrates have 4 cal/g, lipids have 9 cal/g, and proteins have 4 cal/g.
What are omega 3 and omega 6?
Omega refers to the end of a chain of a lipid. Omega 3 is when there is a double bond between the 3rd and 4th carbons of a lipid. Omega 6 is when there is a bond between the 6th and 7th carbons of a lipid.
Just like lipids are fats in animals and oils in plants (generally), carbohydrates are what two things?
Carbohydrates store energy in starch for plants and glycogen for animals (generally).
Describe the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins are made up of amino acids. Lots of amino acids form polypeptides. Polypeptides are the main component of proteins (can consist of one or several polypeptide chains linked together –> can also include other molecules in their structure).
What is the primary structure of proteins?
There is an infinite amount of types of amino acids, but only 20 are found in living things. The arrangement of these 20 in their sequence (they can be in any order & there can be duplication) form a chain which is the primary structure of proteins.
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
The secondary structure is when you have a long peptide chain of amino acids, it starts to fold into either spiral (alpha) or pleated sheet (beta) formation.
What is a protein? What is the importance of structure?
A protein is the basis of body structures. They play critical roles in the body and are necessary for proper bodily function. Protein structure depends on amino acid sequencing and this structure is important because it plays a key role in the function of a protein (surface structure determines the protein’s function)
Why are proteins called polypeptides?
The bond between two or more bonded amino acids is called a peptide bond. Many peptides = polypeptides. Polypeptides are when many amino acids join up (proteins are made of many amino acids). They can be from a handful of amino acids to tens of thousands in length.
What does it mean for amino acids and fatty acids to be essential?
When something is essential is means that it cannot be made within the body, it has to be consumed. 9 of the 20 amino acids are essential.
What is an amino acid?
An amino acid is a central carbon with amine (NH2) on one side and acid (COOH) on the other (called a monomer/building block). Amino acids combine via condensation to form chains of amino acids and therefore form a protein. Amino acids can form very long chains because they have functional groups on both sides.
