Session 12 L1: Depression Flashcards
What are the core symptoms for depression
- Low mood
- Lack of Energy
- Lack of enjoyment & interest
What are other symptoms of depression?
- Depressive thoughts
- Somatic symptoms/Biological symptoms
What are features of adjustment reaction in comparison to depression?
Adjustment
- Symptoms develop sudden after and ‘event’
- Symptoms fluctuate
- Time limited
- Preoccupation with ‘event’
- Energy not low
- No particular pattern to sleep disturbance
- Reduced or increased appetite
- Feelings of anger and frustration more typical
Depression -Symptoms develop gradually -Symptoms continuous Usually at last two weeks -Lack of interest -Low energy -Sleep disturbance with typically EMW -Loss of appetite and weight loss are typical -Low self-esteem and feelings of guilt and blame are typical
What defines our personality?
- How we get on with people, ability to make relationships
- Extrovert or introvert
- How empathetic we are
- How anxious and nervous we are; or how confident
- How we can make plans and stick to these plans
- How we respond in stressful circumstances
- Our overriding mood
Some people have a sense of not being happy within themselves, sometimes related to a feeling of emptiness. This does not necessarily mean that they are depressed
What are examples of physical disorder causing depressive disorders?
- Hormone disturbance such as thyroid dysfunction
- Vitamin deficiencies such as vitamin B12
- Heart and Lung disease
- Blood vessels not functining well
- Kidney disease
- Liver Disease
What substances can cause Depression?
Alcohol and Drug misuse
- People drinking too much over a period is a well-known cause of developing depressive symptoms.
- A number of recreational drugs cause depressive symptoms, especially drugs that initially induce a feeling of happiness and wellbeing such as XTC or amphetamines
What is are the component of the limbic system?
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Septum
- Olfactory Bundle
- Dentate Gyrus
- Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Mammillary Bodies
What is the function of the limbic system?
- Emotion
- Motivation
- Memory
What conditions are due to disruption in the function of the basal ganglia?
- Parkinson’s disease
- Wilson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
- Motor function; malfunction of the basal ganglia are implicated in neurological illnesses
- Emotion
- Cogntion
What is the main hypothesis of mood?
Determined by functional circuits between these brain areas e.g. the frontal lobe projects to parts of the limbic system which in turn connects to the basal ganglia and the brainstem.
What does do the circuits affect?
- Cognitive processed (thoughts)
- Sympathetic output
- Parasympathetic output
- Motor systems
What are the 2 main neurotransmitters in psychiatric disorders?
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
Where is norpehnerphrine made and what does it act on?
- Made in the locus coerulus in the brainstem and transported to several areas of the cortex
- Acts on 4 types of receptors which are α1, α2, β1, β2. α1 for arousal and mood
What is the function of norepinerphine in the brain?
- Mood
- Suggests a role in behaviours (arousal and attention)
- Implicated in memory functions
