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Nervous System And Neuropsychiatry > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A
  • Cerebral hemisphere
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Dorsal and Ventral Roots
  • Spinal nerves
  • Peripheral nerves
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3
Q

What are the features of the grey matter in the CNS?

A
  • Highly vascular due to computational role
  • Grey matter contains axons to communicate with the white matter
  • Grey Matter contains axons to communicate with the white matter
  • Has no fat (myelin)
  • Grey matter is composed of cell bodies and dendrites
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4
Q

What are the features of the white matter in the CNS?

A
  • White matter matter is composed of axons with their supporting cells
  • White matter is white due to the presence of fatty myelin
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5
Q

What are the features of the the PNS?

A
  • Has ganglion instead of Grey matter

- Has a Peripheral Nerve which is the equivalent of white matter

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6
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have and what is their purpose?

A
  • 31 segments
  • Each supplies a given dermatome and myotome on each side
  • Each segment is connected to a spinal mixed nerve through dorsal sensory and ventral motor roots
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7
Q

What is the spinal cord made of?

A
  • Central core of grey matter

- Outer shell of white matter

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8
Q

How are dermatome and myotomes useful?

A

They allow localisation of lesions to a given cord segment

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9
Q

What does the fasciculus cuneatus supply?

A

-Subdivision of dorsal column tract supplying upper half of the body (apart from head)

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10
Q

What does the fasciculus gracilis supply?

A

-Subdivision of dorsal column tract supplying lower half of the body

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11
Q

What is a tract?

A

-An anatomically and functionally defined white matter pathway connecting two distinct regions of grey matter. Impulses travel in one direction

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12
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

-Subdivision of a tract supplying a distinct region of body

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13
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

-A collection of functionally related cell bodies

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14
Q

What is the cortex?

A

-A folded sheet of cells bodies found on the surface of a brain structure. Typically 1-5mm thick

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15
Q

What is a fibre (white matter)?

A

-A term relating to an axon in association with its supporting cells. Used synonymously with axon

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16
Q

What are Association Fibres?

A

Association fibres connect cortical regions within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

What are Commisural Fibres?

A

Commissural fibres connect left and right hemispheres or cord halves

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18
Q

What are Projection Fibres?

A

Projection fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres with the cord/brainstem and vice versa

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the midbrain?

A

Eye movements and reflex response to sound and visiion

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20
Q

What is function of the Pons?

A
  • Feeding

- Sleep

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the medulla?

A
  • Cardiovascular centre
  • Respiratory centre
  • Contains a major motor pathway (medullary pyramids)
22
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A
  • Sitting in the coronal plane
  • Key landmark separating frontal and parietal lobes
  • Demarcates the pre-central gyrus and post central gyrus.
  • Travels from the lateral sulcus to the midline unimpeded.
23
Q

What is the pre-central gyrus?

A

-Contain the primary motor cortex

24
Q

What is the post-central gyrus?

A

-Contains the primary sensory cortex

25
Q

What is the lateral/sylvian fissure?

A

-Separates temporal from frontal/parietal lobes

26
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

-Seperates the parietal from occipital lobes

27
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

-Primary visual cortex surrounds this

28
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

-A site where fibres in the visual system cross over

29
Q

What is the uncus?

A

-Part of the temporal lobe that can herniate, compressing the midbrain. Important olfactory role

30
Q

What is a medullary pyramids?

A

Location of descending motor fibres

31
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Key cortical region for memory encoding

32
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

33
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

34
Q

What is the Cingulate gyrus?

A

Cortical area important for emotion and memory

35
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Essential centre for homeostasis

36
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

Major output pathway from the hippocampus

37
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain involved in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli

38
Q

What is the cerebellar tonsil?

A

Part of the cerebellum that can herniate and compress the medulla. Herniation through foramen magnum due to increase in intracranial pressure. Can result in death

39
Q

What does a sensory deficit in a dermatomal pattern suggest?

A

-Lesion at the level of the dorsal roots or spinal nerves

40
Q

What does a sensory deficit across multiples segments suggest?

A

-A cord lesion

41
Q

What does a sensory deficit in a homunculus pattern suggest?

A

-Lesion above the thalamus

42
Q

What is a funiculus?

A

-Large block of white matter containing multiple distinct tracts which both ascend and descend. Impulses travels in multiple directions

43
Q

What does the dorsal funiculus contain?

A

-Dorsal column tract (ascending)

44
Q

What does the lateral funiculus contain?

A

-Contains the lateral corticospinal tract (descending)

45
Q

What does the ventral funiculus contain?

A

Ventral corticospinal tract

46
Q

How are cell bodies of grey matter organised?

A

-Cell columns within the cord. These regions of grey matter were organised by Rexed into laminae

47
Q

What are ventricles?

A
  • Cavities that are found within the brain

- Ventricles contain choroid plexus which is highly vascular and makes a total of 600-700ml of CSF per day

48
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • Mechanical functions such as providing shock absorption for the brain and rendering it effectively weightless
  • Metabolic functions such as containing glucose and maybe even hormones
49
Q

How does CSF get into venous blood?

A
  • Circulates through ventricular system and subarachnoid space
  • Then it is reabsorbed at the arachnoid granulations
  • Arachnoid granulations resemble little cauliflowers, projecting into the superior sagittal sinus. CSF cross the wall of granulation and enters the venous blood
50
Q

How does CSF flow through brain ventricles?

A
  • Most CSF is made in the large lateral ventricles
  • From the lateral ventricles to interventricular foramen then into the third ventricle
  • CSF drains from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (in the midbrain)
  • The fourth ventricle sits beneath the cerebellum, and CSF can drain from it via the lateral (of Luschka) and median (of Magendie) apertures
  • These apertures permit CSF to drain from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space. There is negligible drainage via the spinal cord central canal
  • Once in the subarachnoid space, CSF is reabsorbed in the granulations
51
Q

What does blockage of part of the ventricular system lead to?

A

-Upstream dilatation and potential damage to structures surrounded the dilated ventricles.

52
Q

Which part of the ventricle is commonly occluded and what is the effect of it?

A
  • Cerebral aqueduct maybe due to congenital stenosis or tumour
  • Blockage of the Aqueduct would cause dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles but with a normal fourth ventricles

Nervous System And Neuropsychiatry (20 decks)

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