Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

732 > Session 11_Respiratory system regulation > Flashcards

Session 11_Respiratory system regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Eupnea =

A

normal respiratory rate and ryhthm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

apneustic breathing =

A

prolonged inspirations (usually at end of life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Apnea =

A

cessation of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyperpnea =

A

increase in ventilation (increase in DEPTH of breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 primary groups of neurons making up the brainstem respiratory center:

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group (medulla oblongtoa) (DRG)
  2. pneumotaxic center (pons) - pontine respiratory group (PRG)
  3. ventral respiratory group (medulla oblongata) (VRG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PRG has a ______________ stimulation effect on _______ and _______.

A

negative

VRG and DRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

VRG ____________ stimulates ________________ muscles.

A

positive

expiratory muscles (intercostals and others)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DRG has an ________________ stimulatory effect on ___________________________________.

A

positive

Inspiratory muscles (external intercostals and the diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The dorsal respiratory group controls _____________.

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurons in the dorsal respiratory group lie in nucleus of the tractus ________________.

A

solitarius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurons in the DRG receive sensory information from the __________ and ______________ nerves. Including signals from ____________________, _________________, and ___________________.

A

vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

peripheral chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and types of receptors in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors =

A

choratid and aortic bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which 3 nerves influence inspiration?

A

vagus, glossopharyngeal and facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The __________ nerve has senssory vibers in the inner ear; when you clean your ear causes a ______________ sensation.

A

vagus

coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Breathing control centers are located in the:

A

pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nerve impulse from the _____________ relay changes in CO2 and O2 concentrations to the __________________.

A

FROM the HEART , TO the BRAINSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nerve impulses from the brainstem, trigger ________________ of muscles.

A

contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the basic rhythm of respiration set?

A

primarily in the dorsal respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Actions potentials from the DRG “___________” and signal the inspiratory muscles (primarily the diaphragm) to contract.

A

ramp up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

From the DRG, signals travel along the ________________________ tracts in the spinal cord to the __________________ and intercostal nerves.

A

reticulospinal tracts

phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is “ramp-up” good?

A

eliminates jagged breath

- a slow and controlled/ even breath is desired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Signals stop suddenly for about ___________ seconds which stops stimulation the ___________________ to contract.

A

~ 3 seconds

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stopping the diaphragm from contracting provides time for:

A

passive recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inspiratory ramp = shorter __________–> shorter ______________ –> increased rate

A

shorter inspiration –> shorter expiration –> increased rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 points of control of the inspiratory ramp:

A
  1. rate of increase of the ramp signal

2. end of ramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ramp can occur ________ when needed for rapid breathing.

A

quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

End of ramping provides limits to the _________________ - usual method for controlling rate of respiration.

A

time of inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pneumotaxic center is inhibitory or excitatory? It is a ______________ valve.

A

Inhibitory

“shut-off” valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The pneumotaxic center signals the __________ to determine the “turn off” point of the inspiratory ramp; _________ inspiration.

A

DRG

limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Strong pneumotaxic signal =

A

short lung filling time (inhibits DRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Weak pneumotaxic signal =

A

longer lung filling time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Limiting the ramp time shortens the inspiratory time; and therefore the expiatory time –>

A

overall increases the rate of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

VRG neurons normally inactive during:

A

quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

With increases need for ventilation, ventral neuron group contributes to ________________ and _______________ via the diaphragm and abdominals.

A

inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mor muscle fibers can be recruited by increasing what/

A

signals from DRG and VRG as needed (prn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The ___________ reflex is a lung mechanism for additional control.

A

Hering-Breuer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In the Hering-Breuer reflex, ____________ receptors function in the walls of ___________________ and ______________.

A

stretch

bronchi and bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stretch receptors send signals to DRG when overstretched, thus _____________.

A

turning off ramp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When the stretch receptors turn off the ramp, the respiratory rate:

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The Hering-Breuer a similar response to the _______________ center.

A

Pneumotaxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The stretch receptors appear to function with Vt > ___________________ - as a protective response.

A

1500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When matching ventilation with the needs of the body, the goal is to:

A

maintain appropriate [O2], [CO2], and [H+] (in blood and tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are responsive to concentrations of the molecules?

A

control mechanims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How do we control the respiratory need of the body?

A

CO2, O2 and H+

45
Q

In respiration, the effect of changes in CO2 and H+ in blood concentrations and tissues produces a _______ effect on respiration. O2 is ___________.

A

DIRECT

INDIRECT

46
Q

The O2 plays a role in whether respiratory rate is increased because of the peripheral ___________________ located in carotid and aortic bodies. When the carotid and aortic bodies sense a lack of oxygen, they will stimulate the respiratory center (___________) (indirect effect).

A

chemoreceptors

DRG

47
Q

What are the 3 areas of the respiratory center are not directly affected by the increase H+ and CO2?

A

DRG, Pneumo, and VRG

48
Q

Where is the chemosensitve area?

A

additional in the medulla

49
Q

How is the chemosensitive area affected by changes in blood PCO2 or H+?

A

It is strongly affect; H+ is the primary stimulus but presents across the blood brain barrier as a direct effect of CO2

*stimulates other parts of the respiratory center

50
Q

Which crosses the BB more easily, CO2 or H+?

A

CO2 crosses more easily than H+

51
Q

Change of PCO2 is the ___________ driver for determining respiratory rate or control?

A

primary/ main

52
Q

CO2 + H2O = HCO3 ==> HCO3- + H+

H+ goes across stimulates _________________ area, which the stimulates ___________ area to send signals down to muscle to contract.

A

chemosensitive

inspiratory

53
Q

increased arterial PCO2 –>

A

• increased PCO2, decreased pH in cerebrospinal fluid
• peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies mediate 30
5 of the response)

54
Q

• increased PCO2, decreased pH in cerebrospinal fluid –>

A

central chemoreceptors in medulla (mediate 70% of the response)

55
Q 
peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies mediate 30
5 of the response) -->
A

Medullary respiratory centers (afferent impulses)

56
Q

central chemoreceptors in medulla (mediate 70% of the response) –>

A

Medullary respiratory centers (afferent impulses)

57
Q

Medullary respiratory centers (afferent impulses) –>

A

respiratory muscles (efferent impulses)

58
Q

respiratory muscles (efferent impulses) –>

A

increases ventilation (more CO2 exhaled)

59
Q

increases ventilation (more CO2 exhaled) –>

A

arterial PCO2 and pH return to normal

60
Q

Long-term control of excitation by CO2; effect of increased CO2 decreases over:

A

subsequent 1-2 days (RENAL readjustment)

61
Q

Bottom line, change in blood CO2 has strong __________ effect on controlling respiratory drive but weak ____________ effect after a few days’ adaptation.

A

strong ACUTE

weak CHRONIC

62
Q

In COPD problem is blowing CO2 ______.

A

out

meaning, COPD blood gasses skewed.

63
Q

In the respiratory control, oxygen has __________ effect.

A

NO DIRECT

64
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin buffer system ensures:

A

adequate O2 delivery through wide range of PO2

65
Q

In pts with COPD, do a blood gas:

A

draw blood to find out what the PO2 and PCO2 is.

Use in hospital with pts having difficult breathing, getting confused, draw blood so analyze their level. BUT pt with COPD, blood gases skewed.

66
Q

If PO2

A

special control response occurs;

Tells body to increase breathing, to increase oxygen coming in.

67
Q

Mechanisms to assure O2 delivery when blood O2 ______________.

A

falls too low

68
Q

CO2 has different buffer system;

A

CO2 changes according to ventilation

change in CO2, change in RR –> CO2 primary driver in respiration.

69
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptor system primarily responds to changes in blood ______.

A

O2

70
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptor system transmits nervous signals to what system?

A

Respiratory center (DRG)

71
Q

What CN is sending sensory info from carotid bodies?

A

glossopharngeal

72
Q

What CN is sending sensory info from aortic bodies?

A

vagus

73
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptors system has a rapid response to low arterial PO2; especially if PO2 falls between ________________.

A

30-60mmHg

74
Q

What happens to Hgb saturation at 30-60mmHg?

A

decreased, (~15mmHg) losing affinity of hemoglobin to hang onto oxygen.

75
Q

The CO2 and H+ peripheral receptor response is much less powerful than the _________________ on the respiratory center.

A

direct effects

76
Q

However, peripheral effects of CO2 occur ~5x _________ than central effect.

A

faster

important role at onset of exercise
…. direct more powerful but time intensive

77
Q

Pain can ________ RR.

A

increase

78
Q

When start EX, have need for increased O2, thought that __________________ are responsible for the response.

A

peripheral receptors

79
Q

The higher brain centers, cerebral cortex have _______________ control over breathing.

A

voluntary

80
Q

Other receptors (e.g. pain and emotional stimuli act through:

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors:

A

O2 decrease, CO2 increase, H+ increase

82
Q

Stretch receptors in ____________ have an affect.

A

lungs

prevent overfilling; have inhibitory affect on PRG

83
Q

Central chemoreceptors:

A

CO2 increase, H+ increase

84
Q

Irritant receptors:

A

irritant of bronchioles may cause you to cough

85
Q

________ PO2 effects on Ventilation when CO2 and H+ ______________.

A

Low

kept constant

86
Q

PCO2 at normal of 40mmHg, arterial PO2 as gets lower, fairly constant until:

A

have huge drive to increase ventilation

~60mmHg

87
Q

Ventilation doubles when arterial PO2 falls to?

A

~60mmHg

88
Q

Arterial oxygen huge driver, examples?

A

altitude

89
Q

respiratory center loses 4/5 ____________ in high altitude EN.
(changes in PCO2 and H+ over 2-3 days)

A

sensitivity

DRG doesn’t get stimulated to shut off.

90
Q

Excess ventilation reducing CO2 would then inhibit an increase in respiration ________.

A

fails

91
Q

Low O2 can drive system to high level of ________________.

A

alveolar ventilation

alveoli become wayyy more efficient

92
Q

During EX, brain may initially stimulate respiratory center in brainstem when sending motor impulses to the working muscles =

A

“anticipatory stimulation”

93
Q

After 30-40 seconds, CO2 is released from active muscle cells and just about matches:

A

ventilation rate to keep values ‘normal’

94
Q

Learned response?

A

EX over time, effect happens more easily vs if you just began training (more short of breath right away).

95
Q

What are other influences on ventilation?

A
  1. pain (hypothalamic control)
  2. pulmonary irritant receptors (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lung receptors)
  3. Proprioceptors (motion of limbs)
  4. brain edema (if brain is swollen will compress cerebral blood supply –> depressing respiratory center)
  5. anesthesia (depresses respiratory system; too may narcotics, need narcan)
  6. ANP (peptide hormone; inhibits vasoconstriction and water retention –> decreasing BP –> decreases PO2 by decreasing blood flow)
96
Q

Hyperventilation =

A

increase in rate and depth of breathing (exceeds need to remove CO2)

97
Q

Low blood CO2 (hypocapnia) causes:

A

cerebral vasoconstriction

98
Q

What is the result of cerebral vasoconstriction?

A

get dizzy and pass out

99
Q

What is the treatment for cerebral vasoconstriction?

A

Give them a bag, so that CO2 being breathed off, is trapped and they will breath back in

100
Q

In pulmonary disease, retention of ______ can occur.

A

CO2

example: emphysema (or any obstructive disease)

101
Q

PCO2 is chronically _______________ in pulmonary disease.

A

chronically (CO2 and PO2 flip roles; O2 becomes main driver for respiration)

… chemoreceptors are adapting

102
Q

Reduced PO2 acts on peripheral chemoreceptors and provides main stimulus for respiration =

A

hypoxic drive

103
Q

What would be the result of giving pure oxygen to an individual with emphysema?

A

body wont to recognize need to increase ventilation

104
Q
  1. Why is CO2 the primary driver for the control of respiration?
A

???

CO2 able to cross BB, converted to H+ which change CSF

105
Q
  1. How do the peripheral chemoreceptors effect control of respiration?
A

???
primarily respond to O2.
If low O2 send signals up to DRG to increase breathing rate

106
Q
  1. How does central chemoreceptors affect respiration?
A

???
Depends on amount of CO2; sends afferent info to medulla chemosenstive center, which sends back down efferent info to intercostals diaphragm.

107
Q
  1. How do the DRG, PRG and VRG affect respiratory control?
A 
???
Directly VRG targets intercostals
DRG targets diaphragm and intercostals
PRG inhibiting the DRG
At rest PRG dominates 
????????
PRG - inhibitor
VRG - overdrive
DRG -main controller
108
Q
  1. How does O2 levels drive the system to higher levels of alveolar ventilation at high altitude?
A

???
Lower PPO2 causes chemoreceptor and baroreceptors to facilitate higher ventilation rate to cause PPO2 to return to more normal rate. At altitude have less oxygen, baroreceptors more quick acting, chemorecptors cause stronger, long term affect .

732 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions