General

Question 1

What makes up oxygen delivery

Answer 1

arterial O2 x cardiac output = DO2

Question 2

Oxygen Consumption (VO2) equals?

Answer 2

(arterial O2 - venous O2) x cardiac output

Question 3

Oxygen extraction ration (OER) is equal to _____________?

Answer 3

consumption / delivery

VO2/ DO2

Question 4

What could cause VO2 to fall short of demand?

Answer 4

If severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction exists

(Issue b/c consumption is > intake

Question 5

How many times greater is DO2 greater at rest compared to the actual demand?

Answer 5

3-4x greater

allows for a reserve to develop

Question 6

What normally determines the amount of DO2?

Answer 6

Normally based on demands of tissues

Question 7

What percent of O2 is transported in combination with hemoglobin?

Answer 7

98%

Question 8

Blood is the mechanism for oxygen delivery. The balance between intravascular and extravascular fluid volume is important. If there is an imbalance what could occur?

Answer 8

Electrolytes becoming impacting; impacting organ function.

Issues if there is too much/too little H2O or Na+

Question 9

What are the 9 steps in oxygen transport?

Answer 9

1. Inspired oxygen and quality of air
2. Airways
3. Lungs and Chest Wall
4. Diffusion
5. Perfusion
6. Myocardial function
7. Peripheral circulation
8. Tissue extraction and use of oxygen
9. Return of partially desaturated blood and CO2 to the lungs

Question 10

What are 3 factors influence the quality of inspired oxygen and air?

Answer 10

1. Distribution of Nitrogen, O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air. (normal is 79% Nitrogen, 21% O2, and 0.03% CO2)
2. Air Quality
   - poor air quality interferes with respiratory tract filtering
   - -> leads to inflammation of alveolar capillary
3. Humidity
   - In alveoli, inspired air saturated with water vapor
   - Dry environments: loss of mucus covering erosion and infection

Question 11

What is the main airway of the respiratory tract?

Answer 11

trachea

Question 12

As the airways become smaller and branch throughout the lung tissue, they consist primarily of ________?

Answer 12

smooth muscle

Question 13

What are airways lined with?

Answer 13

1. cilia (fine, microscopic, hair-like projections responsible for wafting debris, cells, and microorganisms away from lungs into larger airways for removal).
2. mucus (2 layers, upper = gel layer and lower = sol layer)
   These layers communicate with the cilia.

Question 14

Threat to oxygen transport =

Answer 14

Threat to life