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RS > Session 11: Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Session 11: Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Diseases involving airways.

A

Asthma

COPD

Bronchiectasis

CF

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2
Q

Diseases involving lung parenchyma

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Pneumonia

TB

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3
Q

Diseases involving pulmonary circulation.

A

Pulmonary embolism

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4
Q

Diseases involving the pleura

A

Pneumothorax

Pleural effusion

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5
Q

Diseases involving the chest wall shape and neuromuscular.

A

Kyphoscoliosis

Myasthenia gravis

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6
Q

State the cardinal signs and symptoms of resp disease.

A

Breathlessness

Chest pain

Coughing

Haemoptysis

SPutum

Wheeze

Pulmonary crackles etc…

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7
Q

What is breathlessness called more clinically?

A

Dyspnoea

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8
Q

Give examples of other diseases not involving resp that might cause dyspnoea.

A

Anaemia

Heart failure

Obesity

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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9
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Subjective awareness of increased effort of breathing

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10
Q

How might a patient tell you that they have dyspnoea?

A

Difficulty getting enough air

Short of breath

Can’t catch my breath

Chest feels tight

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11
Q

What further questions might you ask about their dyspnoea?

A

Onset (acute vs gradual), timing and duration (constant vs. transient)

Precipitating factors

Progression (is it getting worse?, if transient is it getting more frequent?)

Severity

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12
Q

Give examples of precipitating factors of dyspnoea.

A

Position of body

Cold (asthma and COPD)

Allergy and asthma

Dogs (allergy and asthma)

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13
Q

How might you assess severity of dyspnoea?

A

Can they speak normally?

Difficulty walking?

Difficulty ascending stairs?

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14
Q

Give types of chest pain.

A

Pleuritic

Cardiac

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15
Q

Give causes of pleura leading to chest pain.

A

Infection causing pleurisy

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary embolism causing infarct where dead lung tissue can irritate the parietal pleura

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16
Q

Give example of chest wall conditions that can lead to chest pain.

A

Rib fracture

Costochondritis

Shingles

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17
Q

Give example of mediastinal structures leading to chest pain.

A

ACS

Pericarditis

Oesophagitis/GORD

Aortic dissection

18
Q

Explain pleuritic pain.

A

Irritation of parietal pleura

Thoracic wall pain or should tip referred via the intercostal and phrenic nerve.

Sharp and well localised

Worse with coughing and breathing in

The pain will be over the affected area and the patient will often be able to point exactly where it hurts.

19
Q

Explain cardiac pain.

A

Central

Dull/heavy

Crushing

Poorly localised

Radiating to shoulder and jaw

Coughing will not usually make it worse unless it is pericarditis.

20
Q

What is a cough triggered by?

A

Stimulation of mechano and/or chemo-receptors within airway.

By any source of irriation, inflammation, foreign body etc..

21
Q

What questions might you ask about a cough?

A

Productive?

Character?

Timing?

22
Q

What might you ask about their sputum?

A

Color

How much?

Blood in it?

23
Q

What type of characteristic might a cough have?

A

Whtether it is a bovine cough (Weakness of vocal cords)

Or

Seel cough (Croup)

24
Q

What might you ask about the timing of their cough?

A

Is it worse during night, or day?

During which season of the year?

25
Q

Most common cause of a cough?

A

URTI

26
Q

Give some causes of cough that are non-respiratory.

A

LV heart failure (pink frothy sputum)

GORD (usually at night)

Drugs like ACE-inhibitors

27
Q

What is a wheeze or stridor caused by?

A

Abnormal breath sounds indicating narrowing within the airway causing turbulent flow

28
Q

What does a wheeze sound like?

A

High pitched musical sound

29
Q

Explain a wheeze.

A

High pitched and musical

Mostly heard on expiration due to narrowing airways.

The narrowing is exacerbated on expiration.

E.g. bronchial smooth muscle contraction, oedema and mucous.

30
Q

Explain a stridor.

A

Hight pitch, constant and loud. Harsher than a wheeze.

Mostly heard on inspiration and indicates narrowing in the extrathoracic airway. E.g. supraglottis, glottis, infraglottis or trachea.

Narrowing exacerbated during inspiration.

31
Q

When is pursed lip breathing seen?

A

In COPD

32
Q

Why is pursed lip breathing done in COPD?

A

Increases resistance to outflow on expiration.

It maintains the intrathoracic airway pressure allowing for small airways to remain open for longer.

This prolongs period for gas exchange to occur

Allows more air to empty rather than trap.

33
Q

Explain barrel shaped chest

A

Associated with lung hyperinflation

Seen in severe COPD

AP diameter > lateral diameter

Chronic over-inflation of lungs

Hyperexpands the chest wall over time

34
Q

What to do on palpation in resp.

A

Tracheal position

Chest expansion

35
Q

What do on percussion.

A

Resonance

(Dull, hyper-resonant, stony dull)

36
Q

When might you hear fine crackles?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

37
Q

When might you hear course crackles?

A

COPD

Bronchiectasis

(air bubbling through mucous secretions)

38
Q

What is pleural rub?

A

Scratching, coarse sound

39
Q

Example of when pleural rub can be heard.

A

In inflammation of pleura like pleurisy

40
Q
A

RS (28 decks)

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