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BL - SEM1 > Session 10: Skin structure, function & dermatology > Flashcards

Session 10: Skin structure, function & dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system made up of?

A

epidermis & dermis

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2
Q

What is the epidermis? What is it made out of?

A

The outermost layer of the skin
Made of keratinised squamous epithelial cells => keratinocytes

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3
Q

How is the epidermis held? (2 ways)

A

Held horizontally by adherence junctions (there is an adherence belt at every layer)
Held together basal-apical by desmosomes

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? In order.

A
  • stratum corneum (corny/horny layer)
  • stratum lucidum (transparent layer)
  • stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  • stratum spinosum (spinous/prickle layer)
  • stratum basale (basal layer)
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5
Q

At which layer of the epidermis does keratin synthesis first occur in the body? Explain what happens in this layer.

A

stratum spinosum

Keratin synthesis starts when lamella bodies appear in differentiating keratinocytes

Lamellar bodies are keratin factories & are the point where Golgi apparatus first appear

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6
Q

What are the papillary layer and the reticular layer of the dermis made of?

A

Papillary layer = loose irregular (areolar) connective tissue
Reticular layer = dense irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

At which layer of the epidermis does packaging & secretion of protein aggregates occur? Why?

A

stratum granulosum
because the packaging of proteins requires the use of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus increases in size at the granular layer

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8
Q

At which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale/basal layer

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9
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

melanocytes found in the basal layer produce melanosomes which are melanin containing vesicles

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10
Q

Where are Langerhan’s cells/dendritic cells found?

A

stratum spinosum

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11
Q

How do Langerhan’s cells protect the body?

A

First line of defence
they uptake antigens in skin & transport to the lymph nodes.

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12
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum spinosum made of?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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13
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum basale made of?

A

tall columnar epithelial cells

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14
Q

At which layer of the epidermis are keratin factors synthesised?

A

stratum spinosum

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15
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum corneum made of?

A

dead squames (keratinocytes)

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16
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum granulosum made of?

A

keratinocytes - keratinised stratified squamous epithelial

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17
Q

What does the basal layer contain which allows for the renewal of keratinocytes?

A

stem cells that constantly differentiate & renew keratinocytes by mitosis

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18
Q

Where is the transparent layer found?

A

only on palms & soles of feet

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19
Q

How does the epidermis protect the skin? (2)

A
  • dead keratinocytes secrete substances as the first immune defence
  • Langerhan’s cells uptake antigens in the skin & transport to the lymph nodes.
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20
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

Proteins that assemble bundles of keratin filaments & keratohyalin granules and release it)

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21
Q

What are tonofibrils? What makes them?

A

Made by lamellar granules
They are bundles of keratin filaments & keratohyalin granules

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22
Q

What is lanugo?

A

very long & black hair that covers developing foetus

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23
Q

What is vellous hair? (3)

A
  • short, thin, light coloured & soft hair that replaces lanugo
  • not connected to sebaceous gland
  • covers most surfaces of body (palms, soles of feet, clitoris, fingers, toes, penis, labia minora & majora)
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24
Q

What is terminal hair? What is it produced by?

A

long, wide, dark-coloured & coarse hair found on the head (scalp, eyebrows, nasal passages), axillae & external genital area
produced by actions of testosterone

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25
Q

How is keratin held together?

A

held together with numerous disulphide bridges that join the polypeptide chains together and provide structural integrity

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26
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to light touch in non-hairy skin?

A

Merkel disks

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27
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to light touch (tapping & flicking) and low vibrations?

A

Meissner corpuscles

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28
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to deep touch, pressure and high-frequency vibrations?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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29
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to cold temperatures?

A

Krause end bulbs

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30
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to fine touch, heat, cold & pain via nociceptors?

A

Free nerve endings

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31
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to stretch, deformation within joins & warmth?

A

Ruffini endings/corpsules

32
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsive to vibrations caused by hair movements?

A

ganglia around the hair bulb

33
Q

What are the functions of the skin? (9)

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Partial barrier against UV rays (scalp)
  • Sensation
  • Protection
  • Storage
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Absorption
  • Lubrication
  • Excretion of waste products
34
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous glands? (6)

A
  • Lubricate hair/skin by secreting sebum
  • Reduce water loss from skin/hair
  • Aid skin flexibility
  • Protect skin & hair from too much moisture/UV damage
  • Reduce epidermal damage from friction
  • Facilitate cooldown of skin in hot conditions
35
Q

What are sebaceous glands? Where are they found?

A
  • Holocrine glands that produce sebum - Associated with hair follicles – open into hair follicles (except in palms & soles)
  • Found mostly in the face & scalp and eyelids, penis, labia, nipples & lip
36
Q

What are the functions of sweat glands? (2)

A
  • Control body temperature
  • Excretion of waste products eg urea, sodium, chloride, water and some CO2
37
Q

What are the functions of nails? (4)

A
  • Protection of distal phalanx & surrounding soft tissues from injuries
  • Enhances precise delicate movements of distal through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger
  • Enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip
  • Extended precision grip
38
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis? (5)

A
  • Provide energy stores (adipose tissue) – generate heat
  • Insulator for underlying muscle heat generation
  • Shock absorber – cushions impacts/protection for underlying structures
  • Connects skin to underlying muscle & bones
  • Makes hormones eg leptin (control eating)
39
Q

What is the hypodermis? What does it contain?

A
  • lowest layer skin, sub-cutaneous layer, superficial fascia layer
  • Mainly contains adipose tissue
  • Loose connective tissue => fibroblasts/macrophages/fibres
  • Sweat & sebaceous glands
  • Larger blood vessels
40
Q

What is thin skin?

A

hairy skin

41
Q

What is thick skin?

A

non-hairy skin

42
Q

What are the differences between thick & thin skin? (6)

A
  • Thick = no hair follicles whilst thin has hair follicles
  • thick has no sebaceous glands whilst thin does
  • thick has no arrector pili muscles whilst thin does
  • thick has pronounced ridges & furrows on the surface whilst thin has smaller ridges & furrows
  • thick has regular shaped dermal papillae whilst thin has irregular dermal papillae
  • thick has a visible stratum lucidum whilst thin doesn’t have a stratum lucidum
43
Q

What are the characteristics of thick (non-hairy skin)? (5)

A
  • Found in plamar surface of hand & plantar surface of foot & webs of fingers and toes
  • no hair, no arrector pili muscles, no sebaceous glands
  • thicker stratum corneum
  • thinner dermis
  • increased density of mechanoreceptors
44
Q

What are the functions of thick (non-hairy) skin? (3)

A
  • Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion
  • Increased friction between skin & surfaces
  • Increased sensation
45
Q

What occurs when the skin is inflamed? (3)

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased microvascular permeability => resulting in prod of protein-rich exudate (pus) => so immune system can fight infection
  • Influx of leukocytes
46
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs? What do they each mean?

A

o Rubor = redness/erythema
o Tumor = swelling
o Calor = inflammation
o Dolor = pain
o Function laesa = loss of function

47
Q

What is the clinical term for redness?

A

Erythema

48
Q

What is the clinical term for a small lump and a larger lump?

A

Small lump = papule
Larger lump = nodule

49
Q

What is the clinical term for a small and a larger water blister?

A

Small water blister = vesicle
Larger water blister = bulla

50
Q

What is the clinical term for too much and too little hair?

A

too much hair = hirsutism
too little/no/thinning hair = alopecia

51
Q

What is the clinical term for loss of epidermis and loss of epidermis AND dermis?

A

Loss of epidermis = erosion
Loss of epidermis AND dermis = ulcer

52
Q

What is the clinical term for the thickening of the skin with exaggerated skin markings & bruising?

A

Lichenification

53
Q

What is the clinical term for scratch and stretch marks?

A

Scratch = excoriations
Stretch = striae

54
Q

What is the clinical term for itching?

A

pruritus

55
Q

What is the clinical term for thinning?

A

atrophy

56
Q

What is the clinical term for thread vein?

A

Telangiectasia

57
Q

What is the clinical term for scaling?

A

scaling/ichthyosis

58
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Pale white patches develop on skin due to lack of melanin in skin

59
Q

What is alopecia areta?

A

Spot baldness

60
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A

Skin cancer that can metastasize to other organs of the body

61
Q

What is acne?

A

Skin condition affecting the sebaceous glands

62
Q

What is eczema?

A

Chronic atopic dermatitis

63
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Autoimmune disease involving T-cells & keratinocytes causing red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silver-coloured scales

64
Q

What are the causes of psoriasis?

A

inherited
triggers eg injury to the skin, smoking, alcohol, stress…

65
Q

What are the causes of eczema?

A
  • atopic dermatitis (asthma, hayfever & eczema -> atopy)
  • external causes eg occupation => latex gloves, paint, cleaning products (contact dermatitis)
  • allergies eg food, detergents, soap
66
Q

What are the causes of acne?

A
  • hormonal changes
  • diet
  • stress
  • certain medications
67
Q

What are the causes/RFs of malignant melanoma?

A

Genetic predisposition to melanomas eg CDKN2A

Non-inherited mutations eg BRAF
Sun exposure

Type of skin

68
Q

What are the causes of vitiligo?

A
  • autoimmune condition
  • trigger event
  • hereditary
69
Q

What is the cause of alopecia areata?

A

autoimmune

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of alopecia areata?

A

Coin sized bald spots

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of vitiligo?

A

Pale white patches on skin
Patches can be symmetrical or localised on one area

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of malignant melanoma?

A

The appearance of a new mole or change in an existing mole

Occur in trunk or legs

Irregularly shaped mole & more than one colour

Larger than normal

Itchy/can bleed

73
Q

What are the clinical signs of acne?

A

White & blackheads

Papules (small red bumps)

Pustules

Erythema

Crusting of skin bumps

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of eczema?

A

Itchy, red, cracked, rash skin in small patches on any area of the body

Inflammation, cracking & bleeding of skin severe)

75
Q

What are the clinical signs of psoriasis?

A
  • Red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silver-coloured scales
  • Plaques appear on elbows, knees, scalp & lower back
  • Pitting of nails
  • increased growth of nails
  • Psoriasis maty affect joints

BL - SEM1 (7 decks)

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