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BL - SEM1 > Session 10: Skin structure, function & dermatology > Flashcards

Session 10: Skin structure, function & dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system made up of?

A

epidermis & dermis

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2
Q

What is the epidermis? What is it made out of?

A

The outermost layer of the skin
Made of keratinised squamous epithelial cells => keratinocytes

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3
Q

How is the epidermis held? (2 ways)

A

Held horizontally by adherence junctions (there is an adherence belt at every layer)
Held together basal-apical by desmosomes

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? In order.

A
  • stratum corneum (corny/horny layer)
  • stratum lucidum (transparent layer)
  • stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  • stratum spinosum (spinous/prickle layer)
  • stratum basale (basal layer)
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5
Q

At which layer of the epidermis does keratin synthesis first occur in the body? Explain what happens in this layer.

A

stratum spinosum

Keratin synthesis starts when lamella bodies appear in differentiating keratinocytes

Lamellar bodies are keratin factories & are the point where Golgi apparatus first appear

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6
Q

What are the papillary layer and the reticular layer of the dermis made of?

A

Papillary layer = loose irregular (areolar) connective tissue
Reticular layer = dense irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

At which layer of the epidermis does packaging & secretion of protein aggregates occur? Why?

A

stratum granulosum
because the packaging of proteins requires the use of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus increases in size at the granular layer

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8
Q

At which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale/basal layer

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9
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

melanocytes found in the basal layer produce melanosomes which are melanin containing vesicles

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10
Q

Where are Langerhan’s cells/dendritic cells found?

A

stratum spinosum

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11
Q

How do Langerhan’s cells protect the body?

A

First line of defence
they uptake antigens in skin & transport to the lymph nodes.

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12
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum spinosum made of?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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13
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum basale made of?

A

tall columnar epithelial cells

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14
Q

At which layer of the epidermis are keratin factors synthesised?

A

stratum spinosum

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15
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum corneum made of?

A

dead squames (keratinocytes)

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16
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the stratum granulosum made of?

A

keratinocytes - keratinised stratified squamous epithelial

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17
Q

What does the basal layer contain which allows for the renewal of keratinocytes?

A

stem cells that constantly differentiate & renew keratinocytes by mitosis

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18
Q

Where is the transparent layer found?

A

only on palms & soles of feet

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19
Q

How does the epidermis protect the skin? (2)

A
  • dead keratinocytes secrete substances as the first immune defence
  • Langerhan’s cells uptake antigens in the skin & transport to the lymph nodes.
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20
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

Proteins that assemble bundles of keratin filaments & keratohyalin granules and release it)

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21
Q

What are tonofibrils? What makes them?

A

Made by lamellar granules
They are bundles of keratin filaments & keratohyalin granules

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22
Q

What is lanugo?

A

very long & black hair that covers developing foetus

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23
Q

What is vellous hair? (3)

A
  • short, thin, light coloured & soft hair that replaces lanugo
  • not connected to sebaceous gland
  • covers most surfaces of body (palms, soles of feet, clitoris, fingers, toes, penis, labia minora & majora)
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24
Q

What is terminal hair? What is it produced by?

A

long, wide, dark-coloured & coarse hair found on the head (scalp, eyebrows, nasal passages), axillae & external genital area
produced by actions of testosterone

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25
How is keratin held together?
held together with numerous disulphide bridges that join the polypeptide chains together and provide structural integrity
26
Which sensory receptor is responsive to light touch in non-hairy skin?
Merkel disks
27
Which sensory receptor is responsive to light touch (tapping & flicking) and low vibrations?
Meissner corpuscles
28
Which sensory receptor is responsive to deep touch, pressure and high-frequency vibrations?
Pacinian corpuscles
29
Which sensory receptor is responsive to cold temperatures?
Krause end bulbs
30
Which sensory receptor is responsive to fine touch, heat, cold & pain via nociceptors?
Free nerve endings
31
Which sensory receptor is responsive to stretch, deformation within joins & warmth?
Ruffini endings/corpsules
32
Which sensory receptor is responsive to vibrations caused by hair movements?
ganglia around the hair bulb
33
What are the functions of the skin? (9)
- Thermoregulation - Partial barrier against UV rays (scalp) - Sensation - Protection - Storage - Vitamin D synthesis - Absorption - Lubrication - Excretion of waste products
34
What are the functions of sebaceous glands? (6)
- Lubricate hair/skin by secreting sebum - Reduce water loss from skin/hair - Aid skin flexibility - Protect skin & hair from too much moisture/UV damage - Reduce epidermal damage from friction - Facilitate cooldown of skin in hot conditions
35
What are sebaceous glands? Where are they found?
- Holocrine glands that produce sebum - Associated with hair follicles – open into hair follicles (except in palms & soles) - Found mostly in the face & scalp and eyelids, penis, labia, nipples & lip
36
What are the functions of sweat glands? (2)
- Control body temperature - Excretion of waste products eg urea, sodium, chloride, water and some CO2
37
What are the functions of nails? (4)
- Protection of distal phalanx & surrounding soft tissues from injuries - Enhances precise delicate movements of distal through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger - Enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip - Extended precision grip
38
What are the functions of the hypodermis? (5)
- Provide energy stores (adipose tissue) – generate heat - Insulator for underlying muscle heat generation - Shock absorber – cushions impacts/protection for underlying structures - Connects skin to underlying muscle & bones - Makes hormones eg leptin (control eating)
39
What is the hypodermis? What does it contain?
- lowest layer skin, sub-cutaneous layer, superficial fascia layer - Mainly contains adipose tissue - Loose connective tissue => fibroblasts/macrophages/fibres - Sweat & sebaceous glands - Larger blood vessels
40
What is thin skin?
hairy skin
41
What is thick skin?
non-hairy skin
42
What are the differences between thick & thin skin? (6)
- Thick = no hair follicles whilst thin has hair follicles - thick has no sebaceous glands whilst thin does - thick has no arrector pili muscles whilst thin does - thick has pronounced ridges & furrows on the surface whilst thin has smaller ridges & furrows - thick has regular shaped dermal papillae whilst thin has irregular dermal papillae - thick has a visible stratum lucidum whilst thin doesn't have a stratum lucidum
43
What are the characteristics of thick (non-hairy skin)? (5)
- Found in plamar surface of hand & plantar surface of foot & webs of fingers and toes - no hair, no arrector pili muscles, no sebaceous glands - thicker stratum corneum - thinner dermis - increased density of mechanoreceptors
44
What are the functions of thick (non-hairy) skin? (3)
- Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion - Increased friction between skin & surfaces - Increased sensation
45
What occurs when the skin is inflamed? (3)
- Vasodilation - Increased microvascular permeability => resulting in prod of protein-rich exudate (pus) => so immune system can fight infection - Influx of leukocytes
46
What are the 5 cardinal signs? What do they each mean?
o Rubor = redness/erythema o Tumor = swelling o Calor = inflammation o Dolor = pain o Function laesa = loss of function
47
What is the clinical term for redness?
Erythema
48
What is the clinical term for a small lump and a larger lump?
Small lump = papule Larger lump = nodule
49
What is the clinical term for a small and a larger water blister?
Small water blister = vesicle Larger water blister = bulla
50
What is the clinical term for too much and too little hair?
too much hair = hirsutism too little/no/thinning hair = alopecia
51
What is the clinical term for loss of epidermis and loss of epidermis AND dermis?
Loss of epidermis = erosion Loss of epidermis AND dermis = ulcer
52
What is the clinical term for the thickening of the skin with exaggerated skin markings & bruising?
Lichenification
53
What is the clinical term for scratch and stretch marks?
Scratch = excoriations Stretch = striae
54
What is the clinical term for itching?
pruritus
55
What is the clinical term for thinning?
atrophy
56
What is the clinical term for thread vein?
Telangiectasia
57
What is the clinical term for scaling?
scaling/ichthyosis
58
What is vitiligo?
Pale white patches develop on skin due to lack of melanin in skin
59
What is alopecia areta?
Spot baldness
60
What is malignant melanoma?
Skin cancer that can metastasize to other organs of the body
61
What is acne?
Skin condition affecting the sebaceous glands
62
What is eczema?
Chronic atopic dermatitis
63
What is psoriasis?
Autoimmune disease involving T-cells & keratinocytes causing red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silver-coloured scales
64
What are the causes of psoriasis?
inherited triggers eg injury to the skin, smoking, alcohol, stress...
65
What are the causes of eczema?
- atopic dermatitis (asthma, hayfever & eczema -> atopy) - external causes eg occupation => latex gloves, paint, cleaning products (contact dermatitis) - allergies eg food, detergents, soap
66
What are the causes of acne?
- hormonal changes - diet - stress - certain medications
67
What are the causes/RFs of malignant melanoma?
Genetic predisposition to melanomas eg CDKN2A Non-inherited mutations eg BRAF Sun exposure Type of skin
68
What are the causes of vitiligo?
- autoimmune condition - trigger event - hereditary
69
What is the cause of alopecia areata?
autoimmune
70
What are the clinical signs of alopecia areata?
Coin sized bald spots
71
What are the clinical signs of vitiligo?
Pale white patches on skin Patches can be symmetrical or localised on one area
72
What are the clinical signs of malignant melanoma?
The appearance of a new mole or change in an existing mole Occur in trunk or legs Irregularly shaped mole & more than one colour Larger than normal Itchy/can bleed
73
What are the clinical signs of acne?
White & blackheads Papules (small red bumps) Pustules Erythema Crusting of skin bumps
74
What are the clinical signs of eczema?
Itchy, red, cracked, rash skin in small patches on any area of the body Inflammation, cracking & bleeding of skin severe)
75
What are the clinical signs of psoriasis?
- Red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silver-coloured scales - Plaques appear on elbows, knees, scalp & lower back - Pitting of nails - increased growth of nails - Psoriasis maty affect joints

BL - SEM1 (7 decks)

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