Session 1 - Group work

Question 1

What is meant by the term fascia?

Answer 1

Undifferentiated tissues of mesenchymal origins

Question 2

Give two types of fascia found in the neck?

Answer 2

Organised and loose fascia
Organised further broken down into
- Superficial fascia
- Deep fascia

Question 3

Why is knowledge of ther fascia of the head and neck of clincial importnace?

Answer 3

Understanding how infections and metasteses might spread from one site to another

Question 4

Why is it useful to view the neck as territories of triangles?

Answer 4

It allows for an organised for on the anatomical layout of tissues of the neck

Question 5

How might the SCM be damaged in babies?

Answer 5

Forceps delivery may compress and tear SCM

Question 6

How does someone with SCM damage present?

Answer 6

Neck tilted towards affected side, head rotated away

Question 7

What is the presentation of someone with SCM known as?

Answer 7

Torticolis

Question 8

What is the motor innervation of the SCM?

Answer 8

Accessory nerve

Question 9

What is the viscerocranium?

Answer 9

Part of the skull which arises from the facial skelton

Arises from brachial arches.

Question 10

What is the neurocranium?

Answer 10

Made up of the skull base and the calvaria

Question 11

What is the blood supply to the neurocranium?

Answer 11

Internal carotid artery

Question 12

What is the main blood supply to the viscerocranium?

Answer 12

External carotid artery

Question 13

How is the neonatal skeleton different from the adult?

Answer 13

Open sutures and fontalle allows moulding during birth
Bony proportions different
Alveolar processes and paranasal sinuses smaller at birth

Question 14

What is the name for the non-fusion of the front bones?

Answer 14

Metopic suture

Question 15

What are two possible complication of a small foetal mastoid process?

Answer 15

Facial nerve is exposed when it exists stylomastoid foramen, which means it is more likely to be injured during a forceps delivery.
More susceptible to glue ear

Question 16

What is the antrum of the facial skelton?

Answer 16

The maxillary sinus

Question 17

What is pagets disease?

Answer 17

Ostetis deformans
Causes rapid, irregular and exaggerated seroption and replacement of bone, causing thickening, swelling and increased vascularity.

Jaw and skull slowly enlarge, teeth become displaced.

Question 18

Why might a fracture of the lower mandible cause numbness of the lower lip?

Answer 18

May involve the inferior alveolar nerve that lies within the bone.

Question 19

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 19

Found in the cervical region and is a continuation of the interspinous and supraspinous lifaments of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Main funciton is to preserve the normal curvature of the cervical spine

Question 20

Why are cervical vertebrae prone to dislocation in whiplash injuries?

Answer 20

Have an almost horizontal alignment of articular facets, so not very well supported.

Question 21

Why might posterior prolapse of intervertebral discs between C2 and C3 be fatal?

Answer 21

Prolapse may cause pressure on the spinal cord above the phrenic nerve outflow of C3, C4 and C5

Question 22

How would you aspirate a subdural haematoma from a small baby?

Answer 22

By using the anterior fontanelle which is open until 2 years after birth.
Will pierce the dura mater and enter the subdural layer where the haemtoma is situated

Question 23

Which are the most important muscles of facial expression?

Answer 23

Sphincters of the face (obicularis oris and two obiculares oculi).

Question 24

Which nerve provides sensory innervation for the face and the neck?

Answer 24

The sensory innervation of the face comes from the cervical nerves and from the cervical plexus
Cutaneous distribution of the trigeminal nerve

Question 25

How could a parotid tumour cause facial weakness?

Answer 25

Facial nerve in parotid compressed..

Supplies platysma, muscles of facial expression, muscles of the cheek, muscles of the ear and muscles of the scalp.

Question 26

Why would a trumpet player with damaged facial nerves have trouble playing?

Answer 26

Buccinator affected, which makes blowing a wind instrument difficult

Question 27

What is an extradural haematoma?

Answer 27

Separation of the periosteal layer of the dura mater from the cranium, creates a space into which blood from a torn middle meningeal vessel accumulates giving rise to an extradural haematoma

Question 28

Which blood vessel would most likely be torn in a cranial fracture?

Answer 28

Middle meningeal artery

Question 29

How do the middle meningeal arteries enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 29

Foramen spinosum

Question 30

What type of fracture could have causes an extradural haematoma through the severing of blood vessels?

Answer 30

Depression fracture