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MEH > Session 1 (A) > Flashcards

Session 1 (A) Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Set of processes which derive energy and raw materials from food stuffs and use them to support repair, growth and activity of the tissues of the body to sustain life

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2
Q

What happens in catabolic pathways? What energy changes are seen in catabolism?

A

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones (intermediary metabolites)

Releases large amounts of free energy

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3
Q

What is the free energy released during catabolism used for? (2)

A

Biosynthesis

Movement

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4
Q

The reactions in catabolism are generally…

A

Oxidative - releases H atoms (reducing power)

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5
Q

What happens in anabolic pathways? What energy changes are seen in anabolism?

A

Synthesise larger important cellular components from intermediary metabolites

Uses energy released from catabolism (ATP)

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6
Q

The reactions in anabolism are generally…

A

Reductive - uses the H released in catabolism

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7
Q

What are 4 products of catabolic metabolism?

A

Building block materials (e.g. Sugars, amino acids)
Organic precursors (e.g. Acetyl CoA)
Biosynthetic reducing power (e.g. NADH, NADPH)
Energy for cell function (ATP)

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8
Q

Energy released in catabolism can be used for which kinds of works? (5)

A 
Anabolism 
Transport at membranes 
Muscle contraction 
Nervous conduction 
Osmotic work at kidneys
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9
Q

What is the relationship between kcal and kJ?

A

1 Kcal = 4.184 kJ

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10
Q

What is the normal energy requirement for muscular work of a typical 70 kg man? What does the value depend on?

A

Approx 1000 kcal

On the type, intensity and duration of activity (can rise to 3000 kcal)

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate? What value does it typically take in a 70kg male?

A

Energy required by an awake individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18 degrees Celsius

1700 kcal

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12
Q

What is meant the specific dynamic action of food? What value does it typically take?

A

The energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food

~150 kcal

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13
Q

What two things can result from energy intake>energy required?

A

Growth - synthesis of new tissue/repair (in children/pregnancy)

Production of adipose tissue

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14
Q

How long can a person survive for without food and only water?

A

~20-70 days

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15
Q

What form does the energy used to drive energy requiring activities in the body typically take? What is the benefit of using this form of energy?

A

Chemical bond energy

It ca be used directly without prior conversion to heat

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16
Q

Humans are isothermal what is meant by this?

A

We can’t use heat energy for work

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17
Q

What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.

What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.

A

Reaction that releases energy
Catabolic reactions

Reaction that requires energy
Anabolic reactions

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18
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy value for exergonic/endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic - less than 0 (-ve)

Endergonic - more than 0 (+ve)

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19
Q

Chemical bond energy of fuel molecules is realised in which sort of reactions…

A

Oxidation reactions

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20
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons (removal of H atoms (H+ and e-))

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21
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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22
Q

What happens to the electrons and protons released from oxidised fuel molecules?

A

They are transferred to carrier molecules

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23
Q

What is the structure of an ATP molecule?

A

Consists of an adenine ring, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups?

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24
Q

What is the relationship between the total concentration of oxidised and reduced carriers?

A

The concentrations remain constant

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25
Q

How much energy does hydrolysis of the gamma and second phosphate of ATP release?

A

Each reaction releases 31 kJ/mol

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26
Q

Energy released in exergonic reactions drives the formation of _____ from _____ . How is this energy stored?

A

ATP from ADP

As a chemical bond

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27
Q

ADP is limited in its concentration, what is the significance of this?

A

It cycles and acts as a carrier rather than a store for energy

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28
Q

ATP is stable in the absence of specific catalysts allowing the flow of energy to be…

A

Controlled

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29
Q

How is reducing power converted to ATP?

A

By oxidative phosphorylation?

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30
Q

What pathways are activated by high ATP in the body?

A

Anabolic pathways

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31
Q

What pathways are activated by low ATP in the body?

A

Catabolic pathways

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32
Q

Give four examples of high energy signals?

A

ATP
NADH
NADPH
FAD2H

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33
Q

Give five examples of low energy signals?

A 
ADP
AMP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
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34
Q

How does AMP work as a low energy signal?

A

Results in increased activity of adenylate kinase which converts 2ADP —> ATP + AMP

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35
Q

What is creatine phosphate? Where is it commonly found? How is it formed?

A

A high energy reserve that can be accessed quickly

Skeletal muscle

When ATP levels are high, phosphate bond energy from ATP is added onto creatine to store the energy as creatine phosphate

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36
Q

What enzyme catalyses the following reaction…

Creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP

A

Creatine kinase

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37
Q

Creatine kinase is a marker for…

A

Myocardial infarction

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38
Q

What is the general structure of creatine kinase?

A

It is made up of 2 subunits

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39
Q

What is special about the subunits that make up creatine kinase?

A

Different isoform combinations (genes coding for the subunits) are found in different tissues

So for example one isoform combination is specific to heart muscle

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40
Q

CK is released from ___________ cardiac myocytes in ____

A

Damaged

MI

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41
Q

When does creatine kinase appear in blood following an MI?

A

After a few hours

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42
Q

Both creatine and creatine phosphate will spontaneously break down to form…

A

Creatinine

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43
Q

Creatinine is produced _________ at a ______ rate

A

Spontaneously

Constant

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44
Q

How is creatinine excreted?

A

Via the kidneys

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45
Q

What is significant about creatinine excretion?

A

It is proportional to the muscle mass of the individual and therefore allows the measurement of muscle mass

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46
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

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47
Q

What is meant by the term catabolic processes?

A

Where molecules are broken down to release energy in the form of reducing power

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48
Q

What is meant by the term anabolic processes?

A

Where energy and raw materials are used to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

49
Q

ATP is generated by the oxidation of… (4)

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein
Alcohol

50
Q

What is 1kcal?

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by one degree Celsius

51
Q

What are the 7 nutritional ‘food groups’?

A 
Carbohydrate 
Protein 
Fat 
Minerals
Vitamins 
Water 
Fibre
52
Q

Which 3 food groups supply the body with energy? Which food group supplies the most?

A

Carbs, proteins and fats

Carbs

53
Q

What is fibre essential for?

A

Normal GI function

54
Q

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n

55
Q

What sorts of functional groups do carbohydrates contain?

A

Aldehyde or keto groups

Multiple -OH groups

56
Q

What are oligosaccharides? Give an example.

A

Carbohydrate polymers consisting of 3-12 units

Dextrins

57
Q

Give examples of polysaccharide molecules?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

58
Q

How many carbon atoms does each carbohydrate monomer contain?

A

3-9 carbon atoms

59
Q

What is starch and what molecules does it consist of?

A

A store in plants

Polymer of glucose

60
Q

What is sucrose and what is its composition?

A

Table sugar

A glucose-fructose disaccharide

61
Q

What is lactose and what molecules is it composed of?

A

Milk sugar

Galactose-glucose disaccharide

62
Q

What is fructose and what is its structure?

A

Fruit sugar

Is a monosaccharide

63
Q

What is glucose?

A

6 carbon monosaccharide sugar, the predominant sugar in human blood

64
Q

What is the composition of maltose?

A

Glucose-glucose disaccharide

65
Q

What is glycogen and its composition?

A

Store in animals

A polymer of glucose

66
Q

What effect does digestion have on larger carbohydrates?

A

Breaks them down to monosaccharides which can be absorbed into the blood

67
Q

What are proteins digested into?

A

Amino acids which can be absorbed into the blood

68
Q

How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis in the body?

A

20

69
Q

What is meant by an essential amino acid? How many are there?

A

An amino acid that cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained from the diet

9

70
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable

Isoleucine 
Lysine
Threonine 
Histidine 
Leucine 
Methionine 
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan 
Valine
71
Q

What 3 amino acids may be required in the diet in pregnant women and why?

A

Arginine, tyrosine and cysteine

There is a high rate of protein synthesis in pregnant women

72
Q

Why is protein from animal origin considered to be of high quality?

A

It contains all the essential amino acids

73
Q

Why is protein from plant origin said to be of low quality?

A

Most are deficient in at least 1 essential amino acid so a variety of sources are required

74
Q

What is the structure of a lipid?

A

Composed of triacylglyerols

75
Q

What is the structure of a TAG?

A

Three fatty acids each esterified to one glycerol

76
Q

What are trans fats? Why are they used? Why are they considered bad for you?

A

Lipids where the fatty acid molecule has a double bond (unsaturated) with the hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond at OPPOSITE sides of the molecule

Increase shelf life

Link with coronary artery disease

77
Q

Why do lipids yield more energy when oxidised compared to carbohydrate or proteins?

A

They contain much less oxygen compared to carbohydrates and proteins - so are more reduced and yielding more oxygen when oxidised

78
Q

Lipids are essential for… (2)

A

The absorption of fat soluble vitamins from the gut

Providing essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesised in the body e.g. Linoleic and linolenic

79
Q

What are 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E & K

80
Q

What is the function of minerals in the diet? (5)

A

Electrolytes establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance

Calcium and phosphorous are essential for structure (e.g. Bones and teeth)

Calcium as an important signalling molecule

Enzyme cofactors

Iron for haemoglobin

81
Q

Vitamins are essential in the diet in what sort of quantities…

A

Micro- or milligram quantities

82
Q

Vitamins can be either ______ or _______ soluble

A

Fat or water

83
Q

What can vitamin A deficiency result in?

A

Xerophthalmia

84
Q

What can vitamin D deficiency result in?

A

Rickets

85
Q

What can vitamin E deficiency result in?

A

Neurological abnormalities

86
Q

What can vitamin k deficiency result in?

A

Defective blood clotting

87
Q

what can vitamin B1 deficiency result in?

A

Beriberi

88
Q

What can b12/folate deficiency result in?

A

Anaemia

89
Q

What can vitamin b6 deficiency result in?

A

Dermatitis

Anaemia

90
Q

What can biotin deficiency result in?

A

Alopecia
Scaly skin
CNS defects

91
Q

What can choline deficiency result in?

A

Liver damage

92
Q

What can niacin deficiency result in?

A

Pellagra

93
Q

What can pantothenic acid deficiency result in?

A

Fatigue

Apathy

94
Q

What can riboflavin deficiency result in?

A

Ariboflavinosis

95
Q

Dietary fibres is found in which sorts of foods? Give examples… (4)

A

Cereal foods

Cellulose, lignin, pectins, gums

96
Q

Why can cellulose not be broken down in the human body even though it is a polymer of glucose?

A

There are no enzymes in the human body to break down the beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose

97
Q

How are dietary fibres digested?

A

They cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes but are essential for the normal functioning of the gut

98
Q

What is the recommended average fibre intake for adults each day?

A

18 g/day

99
Q

Low fibres is associated with…

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

100
Q

High fibre is associated with…

A

Reduced cholesterol and risk of diabetes

101
Q

Name 3 dietary references values used

A

RNI
EAR
LRNI

102
Q

RNI is used for which food groups?

A

Protein, vitamins and minerals

103
Q

EAR is used for which food groups?

A

Energy

104
Q

What is EAR?

A

The requirement for ~50% of a group (50% will require more)

105
Q

What is RNI?

A

Enough to ensure the needs of 97.5% are being met (many will need less)

106
Q

What is LRNI?

A

Enough for 2.5% - majority will need more

107
Q

A persons daily energy expenditure includes…

A

BMR
Diet-induced thermogenesis
PAL

108
Q

What are 5 factors affecting the BMR?

A 
Body size
Gender
Environmental temperature
Endocrine status (E.g. Will be increased in hyperthyroidism) 
Body temperature
109
Q

With moderate physical activity was is the typical daily energy expenditure of a

(I) 70kg adult male
(II) 58kg adult female

In kJ/day

A

12000 kJ/day

9500 kJ/day

110
Q

What very short term stores, immediate use stores and long term stores does the body have for energy? How long does each store last?

A

Creatine phosphate in muscle (a few seconds worth)

Glycogen stores (minutes-hours)

Adipose stores(~40 days worthP

111
Q

What is obesity? What BMI values does it take?

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

BMI 30-34.9

112
Q

What is the equation and units for BMI?

A

BMI = Weight/(Height)^2

Kg/m^2

113
Q

It is important to measure height without _______. And weight with ________________ _____________ when taking a BMI

A

Shoes

Minimal clothing

114
Q

What is an alternative to BMI?

A

Waist/hip ratio

115
Q

What is the desirable BMI range for males and females?

A

18.5- 24.9

116
Q

Greater proportion of fat in the upper body compared with on the hips (i.e. Apple shape) is associated with an increased risk of…

A

Insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetes
Stroke
Hypertension

117
Q

Why does malnutrition lead to oedema?

A

Low protein —> Insufficient blood protein synthesis —> Decreases in plasma oncotic pressure and oedema

118
Q

What is the normal fasting plasma concentration range for glucose?

A

3.3-6.0 mmol/L

MEH (9 decks)

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