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Pathology > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

test involving removal of cells or tissues from a living subject for exam

A

biopsy

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2
Q

defined as the lack of oxygen delivery

A

ischemia/hypoxia

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3
Q

defined as the tendency to maintain the relatively constancy of important variables inside cell or animal, even in the face of significant environment changes

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

the main function of this organelle is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

A

proteasome - the enzymes that carry out such reactions are called proteases

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5
Q

this process begins with the cells’ lysosomes releasing the enzymes they contain out into the cytoplasm; the cell then starts to digest itself.

A

autolysis

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6
Q

which cell death is defined as “pathological”?

A

necrosis - due to cell injury

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7
Q

which cell death is defined as “normal”?

A

apoptosis - programmed cell death

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8
Q

if injury exceeds the adaptive capacity of the cell, what is the end result?

A

cell death

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9
Q

how are the following terms related to cell injury? atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

A

they are all cellular responses to injury

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10
Q

T or F: the causes for both reversible and irreversible cell injury are different.

A

FALSE - same - only diff is the degree of injury to the cells

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11
Q

following acute cell injury, what is the state of the cells and cytoplasm?

A

cell is swollen and the cytoplasm is granular

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12
Q

what does the name “cloudy swelling” refer to?

A

look of the cell under microscope (reversible injury)

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13
Q

what does the influx of calcium ions do to the cell? (specific to one organelle)

A

induces loss of mitochondrial function leading to irreversible damage

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14
Q

necrosis or apoptosis: there is associated inflammatory response in the adjacent tissue

A

necrosis

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15
Q

T or F: cells can be injured when oxygen concentration is greater than normal

A

TRUE

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16
Q

reduction in the size and function of the cell

A

atrophy

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17
Q

increase in the size and function of a cell

A

hypertrophy

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18
Q

increase in the number of ells in an organ or tissue

A

hyperplasia

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19
Q

conversion of one differentiated cell type to another due to alteration in the direction of proliferation and maturation of cells

A

metaplasia

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20
Q

abnormal development

A

dysplasia

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21
Q

refers to an alteration of size, shape and arrangement of the cellular components of a tissue

A

dysplasia

22
Q

failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development

A

agenesis

23
Q

defined as an increase in functional capacity of cell and demand

A

hypertrophy - remember, the point is to increase cell’s performance

24
Q

T or F: both hypertrophy and hyperplasia lead to a gross enlargement of an organ.

A

TRUE

25
Q

this generally consists of the expansion of immature cell, with corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells

A

dysplasia

26
Q

defined as when cells one MATURE differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated cell type

A

metplasia

27
Q

T or F: if the stimulus that causes metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal patter of differentiation

A

true

28
Q

T or F: metaplasia is a benign (non cancerous) change that occurs as a response to chronic physical or chemical irritation

A

TRUE

29
Q

what is the metaplasia (from which cell type to which) that occurs in the throat of cigarette smokers?

A

simple columnar cells change to stratified squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia)

30
Q

flat cells that look like fish scales - they make up most of the cells in the outer layer of skin, passages of resp and dig tract.

A

squamous cells

31
Q

defined as the partial or complete wasting away of part of the body | re-asborption and breakdown of tissues

A

atrophy

32
Q

what is the term used to define atrophy as a result of loss of trophic support?

A

pathological atrophy

33
Q

what is the name given to premature death of cells and living tissue?

A

necrosis

34
Q

why is it that in necrosis, there is a build up of dead tissue and cell debris near the site (or at it) of cell death?

A

b/c when these cells die, they don’t send the same chemical signals to the immune system (as with apoptosis) - this prevents nearby phagocytes from locating and engulfing the cells

35
Q

T or F: is it very rarely necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically

A

FALSE: almost always

36
Q

what are these all examples of: superoxide anions, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide.

A

free radicals (ROS)

37
Q

radicals are defined as what type of molecules? (in terms of their electrons)

A

have an unpaired electron

38
Q

defined as molecules that prevent free radicals from harming cells | can prevent cell injury and delay aging process of cells

A

antioxidants

39
Q

type of necrosis which is characteristic of focal bacterial and fungal infections; affected cell is COMPLETELY digested by hydrolytic enzymes resulting in SOFT, circumscribed lesions consisting of pus and fluid remains of necrotic tissue.

A

liquefactive necrosis

40
Q

what happens after the removal of cell debris by WBCs in liquefactive necrosis

A

a fluid filled space is left

41
Q

what is a key participant in the decision as to whether a cell should commit suicide through apoptosis or go on business as usual?

A

mitochondria

42
Q

what happens to cell size during apoptosis?

A

shrinks

43
Q

what two things happen to the cell nucleus during apoptosis?

A

condensation of nuclear chromatin peripherally and formation of apoptotic bodies by fragmentation of cells and nuclei

44
Q

what role do adjacent healthy cells play in apoptosis?

A

they will be the ones to phagocytose the cells undergoing apoptosis

45
Q

T or F: apoptosis is accompanied by an inflammatory response

A

FALSE

46
Q

T or F: apoptosis is an active energy dependent process

A

TRUE

47
Q

necrosis or apoptosis: death of group (vs single) of cells within living tissue or organ

A

necrosis

48
Q

T or F: apoptosis is assoc with organ development, and modeling in the embryo

A

TRUE

49
Q

necrosis or apoptosis: involves autolysis (after death of entire organism)

A

apoptosis - vs. surgical removal that is.

50
Q

T or F: necrosis is an active energy dependent process

A

FALSE: it is passive and NOT energy-dependent

51
Q

T or F: apoptosis is ALWAYS pathologic

A

false; sometimes yes, sometimes no

52
Q

what is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?

A

dru has NO bacterial superinfection; wet DOES and the appearances also correspond to description

Pathology (8 decks)

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