SESSION 02: Organization and Primary Components of IoT systems

Question 1

What are the characteristics of Layered Architecture in IoT?

Answer 1

1. Modular Design:
   Changing one layer can be made without affecting the other layers.
2. Scalability:
   The architecture can be easily scaled by adding more resources at specific layers.
3. Interoperability:
   Standardize protocols withing each layer can be facilitating communication and data exchange between devices from different manufactures.

Question 2

What are the 6 layers of the IoT layered architecture?

Answer 2

(1) Perception Layer
(2) Network Layer
(3) Data Management Layer
(4) Application Layer
(5) Business Layer
(6) Security Layer

1. Perception layer
   (Sensor Layer):
   capturing data from physical devices and sensors.
   [ Sensors, Actuators, Physical objects]
2. Network layer
   (Connectivity Layer)
   Connecting devices in IoT system and transferring data between devices and cloud.
   [ Wired & Wireless networks, Protocols, Gateways]
3. Data Management Layer
   (Middleware layer)
   Act as a bridge between the perception and application layers
   [Databases, Cloud storage, big data platforms]
4. Application Layer
   Providing UI and application that enable end-users to interact with IoT system.
   [Mobile apps, Web apps, APIs]
5. Business Layer
   Defining business logic and rules that govern behavior of IoT system.
   [Business intelligence tools. Analytics tools, Rules engines]
6. Security Layer
   Ensure secure data communication

Question 3

What are the Key Components of an IoT system?

Answer 3

(1) Sensors
(2) Actuators
(3) Gateways
(4) Cloud Platforms

1. Sensors:
   A device that detects the changes in the environment.
2. Actuators:
   Take electrical signals or instructions and convert them into physical actions.
3. Gateways
   Act as intermediaries between sensors and the cloud platforms,
   bridging the gap between the physical world and the digital realm.
4. Cloud Platforms
   Provide infrastructure and services for managing and utilizing the data collected by IoT devices.

Question 4

What are the two ways of categorizing sensors?

Answer 4

1. By Measured property
2. By Operating principle

Question 5

What are the measured property sensors types?

Answer 5

1. Temperature sensors
2. Pressure sensors
3. Motion sensors
4. Light sensors
5. Image sensors
6. Chemical sensors
7. Proximity sensors

Question 6

What are Operating principal sensor types?

Answer 6

1. Passive sensors:
   Respond to the environment by ‘listening’ to what is happening.
2. Active sensors:
   Transmit a signal into the environment and then measure the response that comes back.

Question 7

What are the applications of sensors?

Answer 7

1. Consumer electronics
2. Industrial automation
3. Healthcare
4. Transportation
5. Environmental monitoring

Question 8

What are the factors that affected to the choosing the right sensors?

Answer 8

1. Measured property
2. Measurement range
3. Accuracy and precision
4. Sensitivity
5. Cost and power consumption
6. environmental Conditions

Question 9

How the sensor technology constantly evolving?

Answer 9

1. Miniaturization
2. Improved sensitivity
3. Lower power consumption
4. Wireless connectivity
5. Sensor fusion

Question 10

What are the applications of Actuators?

Answer 10

• Smart Homes
  
  1. Solenoid valves
  2. Piezoelectric motors
  3. Shape-memory alloy actuators
• Consumer electronics
  
  1. Voice coil actuators
  2. Stepper motors
  3. Piezoelectric speakers
• Transportation
  
  1. Electric motors
  2. Solenoid valves
  3. Piezoelectric injectors
• Other applications
  
  1. Aerospace
  2. Medical devices
  3. Security system

Question 11

Factors that affect selecting the appropriate actuator

Answer 11

1. Required force or torque
2. Speed and Precision
3. Range of Motion
   4.Operating environment
4. Power source and Efficiency
5. Cost and Size

Question 12

What are the functions of Gateway?

Answer 12

Data Aggregation
Protocol Translation
Filtering
Security Measures

Question 13

Types of Gateways?

Answer 13

1. Local Gateways:
   Process data at the edge of the network before sending it to the cloud.
2. Cloud Gateways:
   Offload processing tasks to the cloud platform

Question 14

What are the key functionalities of IoT gateway?

Answer 14

1. Establishing communication bridge
2. Provides additional security
3. Performs data aggregation
4. Preprocessing and filtering of data
5. Provides local storage as a cache/buffer
6. Data computing at edge level
7. Ability to manage entire device
8. Device diagnostics
9. Adding more functional capability
10. Verifying protocols

Question 15

Working process of IoT Gateway?

Answer 15

1. Receives data from sensor network
2. Performs preprocessing, filtering and cleaning on unfiltered data.
3. Transports into standard protocols for communication.
4. Sends data to cloud

Question 16

What are the advantages of Gateways?

Answer 16

1. Protocol translation
2. Data aggregation
3. Edge computing
4. Security
5. Scalability
6. Improved reliability
7. Cost-effective

Question 17

What are the cloud platform services?

Answer 17

1. Data storage
2. Security
3. Device Management
4. Application Development tools

Question 18

What are the examples of Cloud Platform for IoT?

Answer 18

1. AWS: Amazon Web Services
2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google cloud

Question 19

Data flow process in an IoT System?

Answer 19

1. Sensors gather data from the environment.
2. The data is pre-processed or combined.
3. Data is sent to the cloud via a network.
4. The cloud securely stores the data.
5. Cloud computing analyzes the data for insights.
6. The cloud sends instructions back to the devices based on the analysis