sesory + cognitive development

Question 1

what are affordances?

Answer 1

opportunities for interaction offered by objects

necessary to perform activities

Question 2

exteroreceptors vs proprioceptors

Answer 2

Exteroceptors: receive information from sources external to the body

Proprioceptors: receive information from the muscles, joints and tendons

Question 3

what are the 2 components of the tactile system?

what do they detect?

Answer 3

1. discriminative (dorsal column nedial lem.): detect size, form + proprioception
2. protective (anterolateral spinothal): detect pain, crude touch

Question 4

what are the roles of the vestibular system?

Answer 4

work with vision + proprioception to…

1. provide awareness of body position (balance) + movement
2. postural tone + equilibrium (ear canals)
3. stabilize eyes

Question 5

what is otitis media?

Answer 5

middle ear infection occurring often in children

can affect language development

Question 6

what are the layers of the eye?

Answer 6

outside: sclera which holds eyeball
inside: retina which receives info
middle: choroid which is made up of blood vessels

central fovea: has highest # of receptors

Question 7

what is visual fixation?

Answer 7

prerequisite scanning + tracking skills
help regulate position of eyes in relation to position of head
focus both eyes on one non moving object

Question 8

what is visual pursuit or tracking?

Answer 8

continued fixation
looking at moving object without losing focus
eyes should move independent from head

Question 9

what are saccadic eye movements?

Answer 9

rapid change of fixation from one point to another

follow object and coordinate eyes

Question 10

what is a nystagmus?

Answer 10

physiological response
eyes constantly jumping
inability to focus

Question 11

what is visual acuity?

Answer 11

The capacity to discriminate the fine details of objects in the visual field

Question 12

what is visual accommodation?

Answer 12

ability for each eye to compensate for blurred image

adjusting focus by fixing lens

Question 13

what is binocular fusion?

Answer 13

The ability mentally to combine the images from the two eyes into a single perception

Motor fusion: movement of eyes coordinating
Sensory fusion: puts each eye’s pictures together

Question 14

what is convergence & divergence?

Answer 14

The ability of both eyes to turn inward toward the medial plane and outward from the medial plane

Question 15

object perception vs spatial perception

what does each determine?

Answer 15

Object perception (details): ventral stream

• form constancy
• visual closure
• figure ground

Spatial perception (where): dorsal stream

• position
• depth perception

Question 16

piagets 6 processes of constructing knowledge

Answer 16

1. schemes: behavioral, mental
2. assimilation: incorporating info
3. accommodation: adjusting info
4. organization: grouping behaviors into categories
5. equilibrium: balance of thought
6. equilibration: how these processes are used

Question 17

piagets stages of development

Answer 17

1. sensory motor (birth-2)
   - reflexes
   - habits
   - progression of circular reactions
   - internalizing schemes
2. preoperational (2-7)
   - symbolic fx
   - intuitive thought
3. concrete operational (7-11)
   - can perform concrete operations through logical reasoning

Question 18

what are operations?

Answer 18

Internalized actions that allow children to do mentally what before they only did physically

Question 19

what is a feature of piagets sensory motor stage?

Answer 19

object permanence: Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

Question 20

what are features of piagets preoperational stage?

Answer 20

Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish between one’s own and another’s view

Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, capable of action

Centration — focusing attention on one characteristic to exclusion of others

Conservation — object’s amount stays same regardless of changing appearance; lacking in preoperational stage

Question 21

what are features of piagets concrete operatoinal stage?

Answer 21

Seriation — involves stimuli along quantitative dimension (e.g. length)

Transitivity — if relation holds between first and second object, and holds between the second and third object, then it holds between first and third object

Question 22

What is Vygotskys theory of cognitive development based on?

Answer 22

minds are shaped by cultural context in which they live
• Tools are provided by society
• Children construct knowledge and understanding through social interactions

Question 23

what is Vygotskys zone of proximal development?

Answer 23

Tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from more-skilled person

Question 24

what is scaffolding?

Answer 24

Changing level of support over course of a teaching session to fit child’s current performance level

Question 25

Vygotskys self talk

Answer 25

Language and thought initially develop independently, then merge

used for self regulation

Question 26

What are Metzloffs findings on imitation?

Answer 26

imitation abilities are biological because infants can imitate facial expressions within a few days after birth

Question 27

when do infants start showing selective attention?

Answer 27

4 months old

Question 28

what is infant attention governed by?

Answer 28

novelty + habituation

Question 29

implicit memory vs explicit memory

Answer 29

Implicit memory is performed automatically without conscious recollection.

Explicit memory is conscious memory of facts and experiences; occurs in infants after 6 months.