sesory + cognitive development Flashcards
what are affordances?
opportunities for interaction offered by objects
necessary to perform activities
exteroreceptors vs proprioceptors
Exteroceptors: receive information from sources external to the body
Proprioceptors: receive information from the muscles, joints and tendons
what are the 2 components of the tactile system?
what do they detect?
- discriminative (dorsal column nedial lem.): detect size, form + proprioception
- protective (anterolateral spinothal): detect pain, crude touch
what are the roles of the vestibular system?
work with vision + proprioception to…
- provide awareness of body position (balance) + movement
- postural tone + equilibrium (ear canals)
- stabilize eyes
what is otitis media?
middle ear infection occurring often in children
can affect language development
what are the layers of the eye?
outside: sclera which holds eyeball
inside: retina which receives info
middle: choroid which is made up of blood vessels
central fovea: has highest # of receptors
what is visual fixation?
prerequisite scanning + tracking skills
help regulate position of eyes in relation to position of head
focus both eyes on one non moving object
what is visual pursuit or tracking?
continued fixation
looking at moving object without losing focus
eyes should move independent from head
what are saccadic eye movements?
rapid change of fixation from one point to another
follow object and coordinate eyes
what is a nystagmus?
physiological response
eyes constantly jumping
inability to focus
what is visual acuity?
The capacity to discriminate the fine details of objects in the visual field
what is visual accommodation?
ability for each eye to compensate for blurred image
adjusting focus by fixing lens
what is binocular fusion?
The ability mentally to combine the images from the two eyes into a single perception
Motor fusion: movement of eyes coordinating
Sensory fusion: puts each eye’s pictures together
what is convergence & divergence?
The ability of both eyes to turn inward toward the medial plane and outward from the medial plane
object perception vs spatial perception
what does each determine?
Object perception (details): ventral stream
- form constancy
- visual closure
- figure ground
Spatial perception (where): dorsal stream
- position
- depth perception
piagets 6 processes of constructing knowledge
- schemes: behavioral, mental
- assimilation: incorporating info
- accommodation: adjusting info
- organization: grouping behaviors into categories
- equilibrium: balance of thought
- equilibration: how these processes are used
piagets stages of development
- sensory motor (birth-2)
- reflexes
- habits
- progression of circular reactions
- internalizing schemes - preoperational (2-7)
- symbolic fx
- intuitive thought - concrete operational (7-11)
- can perform concrete operations through logical reasoning
what are operations?
Internalized actions that allow children to do mentally what before they only did physically
what is a feature of piagets sensory motor stage?
object permanence: Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
what are features of piagets preoperational stage?
Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish between one’s own and another’s view
Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, capable of action
Centration — focusing attention on one characteristic to exclusion of others
Conservation — object’s amount stays same regardless of changing appearance; lacking in preoperational stage
what are features of piagets concrete operatoinal stage?
Seriation — involves stimuli along quantitative dimension (e.g. length)
Transitivity — if relation holds between first and second object, and holds between the second and third object, then it holds between first and third object
What is Vygotskys theory of cognitive development based on?
minds are shaped by cultural context in which they live
• Tools are provided by society
• Children construct knowledge and understanding through social interactions
what is Vygotskys zone of proximal development?
Tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from more-skilled person
what is scaffolding?
Changing level of support over course of a teaching session to fit child’s current performance level
Vygotskys self talk
Language and thought initially develop independently, then merge
used for self regulation
What are Metzloffs findings on imitation?
imitation abilities are biological because infants can imitate facial expressions within a few days after birth
when do infants start showing selective attention?
4 months old
what is infant attention governed by?
novelty + habituation
implicit memory vs explicit memory
Implicit memory is performed automatically without conscious recollection.
Explicit memory is conscious memory of facts and experiences; occurs in infants after 6 months.
