Servitudes Flashcards
Servitudes - what?
Schulz - a “burden”
Marcian - a “benefit”
Servitudes must…
- not be over one’s own property
- be economically beneficial (D.8.1.15)
- not impose active duties (D.8.1.15.1)
- be used and exercised reasonably (D.8.1.9)
Purpose of servitudes
- effective use of land: economic efficiency
- allowance of complex arrangements: autonomy
Praedial servitudes
- rights a person had by virtue of owning land.
- attached to land (D.8.4.12)
Rustic praedial servitudes
- iter (walk)
- actus (drive)
- via (walk and drive)
- aquae ductus (channel water)
Creation of rustic praedial servitudes
- mancipatio
- cessio in iure
- usucapio (until lex Scribonia)
- pact/stipulation
- quasi-traditio and patienta (delivery and intention)
- long use (nec vi, nec clam, nec precario)
- long temporis prescriptio (nec vi, nec clam, nec precario)
- deductio
- by will
Extinction of rustic praedial servitudes
- legal/factual destruction
- merger
- non-use
- release
Protection of rustic praedial servitudes
- ownership level: actio confessoria and negatoria
- possessory level: possessory interdicts
Urban praedial servitudes
- right to non-obstruction of light; right to prevent this…
=> existed in both positive and negative form.
Creation of urban praedial servitudes
- adiudicatio
- mancipatio
- cessio in iure
- usucapio (until lex Scribonia)
- pact/stipulation
- quasi-traditio and patienta (delivery and intention)
- long use (nec vi, nec clam, nec precario)
- long temporis prescriptio (nec vi, nec clam, nec precario)
- deductio
- by will
Termination of urban praedial servitudes
- legal/factual destruction
- merger
- non-use
- release
Protection of urban praedial servitudes
- ownership level: actio confessoria and negatoria
- possessory level: possessory interdicts
Usufruct - what
“The right to use and enjoy the things of another without impairing their substances” (Paul, D.7.1.1.)
Usufruct - rights
- to use the property in authorised way (otherwise lex Aquilian action)
- to take its fruits
- sell/lease of the right
Usufruct - duties
- to take care as the reasonable person
- to return unchanged (allowing for wear and tear)
- property could be improved as long as this did not alter the character (D.7.1.13.4)
=> encompassed in the cautio
Quasi-usufruct
For perishables - by will only
Usus
- right to use the property, but not to take its fruits (apart what was necessary to maintain the household)
- no lease/sale
Habitatio
- the right to live in a house
- late Empire
- by will only
Operae sevorum vel animalium
- late Empire
- by will only
- the right to use slaves and animals
Creation of personal servitudes
- grant through legacy
- imposition by law
- any praedial method
Protection of personal servitudes
- actio confessoria/negatoria
- act furti/utilis
- possessory interdicts
- actio on the contract of the cautio
Termination of personal servitudes
- death
- expiry of the usufruct/servitude
- loss of status (not applicable to habitatio or operae)
- non-use (2 years for land, 1 year for movables)
Contractual proprietary interests
- emphyteusis (long leases)
- superficies (for building purposes)
- pignus (types of mortgages; creditor allowed to keep the fruits)
