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Server+ > Server Network Communications > Flashcards

Server Network Communications Flashcards

1
Q

OSI layer 7

A
  • application
  • may/may not involve user interaction
  • OSs can use layer without user knowledge/consent
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2
Q

OSI layer 6

A
  • presentation
  • how data is presented
  • differing character sets
  • encryption/decryption
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3
Q

OSI layer 5

A
  • session
  • session establishment/maintenance/tear-down
  • doesn’t imply authentication
  • session IDs
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4
Q

OSI layer 4

A
  • transport
  • end-to-end data transmission
  • can require acknowledgement of sent data
  • port addresses/numbers
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5
Q

OSI layer 3

A
  • network
  • routing of network packets
  • IP addresses
  • routers
  • layer 3 switches
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6
Q

OSI layer 2

A
  • data link
  • methods of accessing transmission media
  • MAC addresses
  • bridges
  • NICs
  • layer 2 switches
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7
Q

OSI layer 1

A
  • physical
  • electrical specifications
  • cables
  • connectors
  • wireless specifications
  • hubs
  • repeaters
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8
Q

cable placement

A
  • cable management arms
  • cable management trays
  • cable channels built into rack
  • plastic cable ties
  • hook and loop fasteners
  • avoid thick bundles of cables/cable trays hampering fire suppression/airflow
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9
Q

cable labeling

A
  • label network wall jacks
  • label opposite end of cable on patch panel
  • label patch cables
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10
Q

copper cables

A
  • shielded twisted pair (STP)
  • unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
  • 8 wires/4 pairs
  • each wire twisted at specific rate to reduce crosstalk
  • higher transmission rate (frequencies)/greater number of twists per inch
  • straight-through
  • crossover
  • rollover (connect locally to network equipment)
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11
Q

copper cable connectors

A
  • RJ-11 (4 wire phone cables)

- RJ-45 (UTP/STP cables)

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12
Q

CAT5

A
  • supports 100BASE-T IEEE ethernet standard
  • 10/100 Mbps max transmission rate
  • 100 MHz
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13
Q

CAT5e

A
  • gigabit ethernet
  • supports 1000BASE-T IEEE ethernet standard
  • 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps) max transmission rate
  • 100 MHz
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14
Q

CAT6

A
  • more resistant to interference due to additional shielding
  • supports 1000BASE-TX/10GBASE-T standards
  • 1 Gbps (100m) max transmission rate
  • 10 Gbps (55m) max transmission rate
  • 250 MHz
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15
Q

CAT6A

A
  • more extensive than CAT6
  • 10 Gbps max transmission rate
  • 500 MHz
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16
Q

CAT7

A
  • individual wire pair shielding
  • useful in high EMI environments
  • supports 10GBASE-T standard
  • larger/heavier cables
  • 10 Gbps (100m) max transmission rate
  • 600 MHz
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17
Q

fiber optic cables

A
  • transmit light instead of electrical signals
  • not susceptible to EMI
  • signal travels longer distances
  • multiple channels carried in single fiber
  • no possibility of sparks
  • lightweight
  • difficult to eavesdrop
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18
Q

SMF

A
  • single mode fiber
  • smaller diameter
  • supports greater distances
  • more expensive
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19
Q

MMF

A
  • multi mode fiber
  • larger diameter
  • supports shorter distances
  • less expensive
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20
Q

ST fiber connector

A
  • straight-tip
  • spring loaded male/female connectors
  • round elongated connector
  • commonly used with MMF
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21
Q

SC fiber connector

A
  • subscriber/standard connector
  • snap-in connector
  • somewhat square shaped
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22
Q

LC fiber connector

A
  • local connector
  • snap-in connector
  • smaller than SC
  • commonly used with SMF
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23
Q

SFP fiber connector

A
  • small form factor pluggable
  • small network transceiver used with copper/fiber cabling with speeds normally around 1 Gbps
  • 1 end plugs directly into an SFP port on network device
  • copper/fiber cable plugs into other side of transceiver using RJ-45/LC connector
  • SFP+ transceivers commonly used for 10 Gigabit ethernet network links
  • quad small form factor pluggable (QSFP) transceivers have 4 transmit/receive channels for use on networks up to 100 Gbps
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24
Q

NICs

A
  • most computers have a wired NIC embedded on motherboard
  • servers often have multiple onboard NICs
  • must support network topology
  • must include correct connector sockets
  • must support correct speeds
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25
Q

MAC address

A
  • media access control
  • physical address
  • layer 2 addresses
  • 48-bit hexadecimal hardware address
  • hardware unique identifier used only on the LAN
  • must know MAC address of default gateway to communicate outside of LAN
  • MAC address filtering
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26
Q

commands to find MAC address

A
  • ipconfig /all (Windows)

- ifconfig (Linux)

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27
Q

WoL (NIC feature)

A
  • wake on LAN
  • must be supported by BIOS/UEFI
  • enables powered down system to fill enough power to NIC to be woken remotely
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28
Q

PXE (NIC feature)

A
  • preboot execution environment
  • works with BIOS/UEFI boot sequence to enable network boot
  • small OS image gets pulled across the network from PXE boot server to local RAM
  • works best with DHCP
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29
Q

NIC teaming

A
  • group multiple NICs together
  • aggregate bandwidth of multiple NICs for increased performance
  • redundancy if 1 NIC fails
  • can be function of a server OS/network switch
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30
Q

port aggregation

A

configure on switch ports the server NICs are plugged into

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31
Q

network switches

A
  • twisted pair cabling connects devices to wall jacks
  • wall jacks use short patch cables to connect to switch ports
  • multiple switches may be trunked together via a straight-through/crossover cable
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32
Q

VLANs

A
  • all physical switch ports are configured within the same VLAN by default
  • group devices together so they can communicate as if they were on the same physical LAN
  • router is needed for devices on different VLANs to communicate
  • layer 3 switches have build in routing capabilities
  • may simply group switch ports together
  • configuring VLAN creates a new broadcast domain
  • increase security by segmenting network
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33
Q

configuring VLANs

A
  • having switch examine the IP address of the connected device to determine which network it is on
  • MAC address control
  • control via protocol used on client device
  • control by higher level applications
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34
Q

layer 2/3 switches

A
  • layer 2 switches work with MAC addresses
  • layer 3 switches have IP routing capabilities
  • switch has its own memory
  • tracks which device MAC addresses are connected to each port
  • managed switches allow configuration
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35
Q

common switch configurations

A
  • port duplex mode/speed
  • VLANs
  • disabled (unused) switch ports
  • TCP/IP settings (managed switches)
  • port aggregation (NIC teaming)
  • port multicast support
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36
Q

routers

A
  • have at least 2 interfaces that connect networks
  • stores routing tables in memory
  • routing information protocol (RIP)
  • open shortest path first (OSPF)
  • layer 3 device
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37
Q

PAT

A
  • port address translation
  • enables many internal IP addresses to connect through a PAT router to the internet using a single public IP address
  • public IP address assigned to public interface on router
  • router uses unique source port number from internal sending machines to track external connections/responses
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38
Q

static NAT

A
  • maps external IP addresses on NAT router to corresponding internal IP addresses
  • allow inbound connections to hosts on private network
  • hides true internal IP address
  • 1:1 correlation between external/internal IP addresses
39
Q

IP

A
  • internet protocol

- layer 3 protocol

40
Q

IPv4 addressing

A
  • 32-bit addresses
  • 8-bit groups separated by decimal (byte/octet)
  • layer 3 addresses
41
Q

subnet masks

A
  • defines network/host sections of IP address
  • noted as 192.168.1.0/24
  • classless inter-domain routing notation (CIDR)
  • trailing number indicates number of binary 1 bits in subnet mask
42
Q

127.0.0.1

A

reserved local loopback address

43
Q

private IP address ranges

A
  • 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
  • 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
  • 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
44
Q

public (unique) IP addresses

A

allocated by ISP

45
Q

subnetting

A
  • subdivides an existing network address into subnets

- enables communication between devices on each subnet

46
Q

calculating subnet

A

(CIDR value - 2) * number of subnets

47
Q

IPv6

A
  • broadcasts aren’t used
  • heavy reliance on multicasting
  • IPSec support required
  • 128-bit addresses
  • expressed in hexadecimal
  • comprised of 8 16-bit hextets
  • %(number) = interface identifier
48
Q

unicast

A

from 1 sender to 1 target

49
Q

multicast

A

from 1 sender to a group of devices registered with a multicast listening address

50
Q

anycast

A
  • same anycast address can be configured on many network devices
  • traffic is sent to nearest device interface configured with the anycast address
51
Q

::1

A

IPv6 loopback address

52
Q

fe80::883b:ced4:63f3:f297%8

A

link-local address

53
Q

common IPv6 network prefixes

A
  • FE80 (self-assigned link-local address)
  • FF (multicast traffic)
  • 2001 (global unicast address)
  • FC00 (unique unicast)
54
Q

IPv6 settings

A
  • DHCPv6

- uses subnet prefix notated in CIDR instead of subnet mask

55
Q

6to4

A
  • allows IPv6 traffic over IPv4 internet
  • routers on both ends must support IPv6
  • routers have IPv6 address configured on internal interface
56
Q

ISATAP

A
  • intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol
  • allows IPv6 traffic on internal IPv4 network
  • IPv4 address embedded within IPv6 address
57
Q

teredo

A
  • allows IPv6 traffic over IPv4 internet via NAT
  • teredo server must reside on IPv4 internet
  • public teredo servers/relays available
58
Q

default gateway

A
  • router on LAN through which traffic is sent that is leaving LAN
  • ensure IP address configuration uses router interface connected to internal network
  • use correct subnet mask
59
Q

DNS servers

A
  • devices need to be configured with at least 1 DNS server
  • at least 2 is better
  • ipconfig /all shows DNS servers
  • nslookup command (Windows/Linux) to test connectivity to DNS servers
  • hosts file was used to resolve names before DNS servers became common
60
Q

add DNS servers in Linux

A

open /etc/resolv.conf and add DNS servers

61
Q

WINS servers

A
  • Windows internet name service
  • resolved NetBIOS computer names to IP address
  • flat structure (no hierarchy)
62
Q

DHCP exchange

A
  • DHCP discover
  • DHCP offer
  • DHCP request
  • DHCP acknowledgement
63
Q

DHCP discover

A
  • client sends network broadcast seeking DHCP server

- client assigns itself APIPA if fails

64
Q

DHCP offer

A
  • each DHCP server responds via broadcast with an IP address lease offer
  • unicast transmission used for clients renewing lease
  • client works with first offer received
65
Q

DHCP request

A

client broadcasts acceptance of offer

66
Q

DHCP acknowledgement

A
  • DHCP server sends ACK packet to the client

- DHCP sends client TCP/IP settings

67
Q

DHCP lease renewal

A
  • time interval differs between OS versions
  • generally 50% of lease
  • ipconfig /all to view DHCP lease information
  • cat command in Linux to view contents of DHCP lease file
68
Q

TCP

A
  • connection-oriented

- session is established before transmitting data

69
Q

TCP three-way handshake

A
  • SYN
  • SYN ACK
  • ACK
70
Q

SYN

A
  • initial sequence number (ISN) sent by initiator

- used to track data sent/received

71
Q

SYN ACK

A
  • sent back from target
  • acknowledgement of receipt of initiator’s ISN
  • includes target’s ISN
72
Q

ACK

A
  • sent by initiator

- acknowledges receipt of target’s ISN

73
Q

port numbers

A
  • port addresses
  • layer 4 addresses
  • 1 - 65535
  • 1 - 1024 = well-known/reserved services
  • netstat command to see connected port
74
Q

DNS port number

A

TCP 53

75
Q

FTP port number

A

TCP 20/21

76
Q

FTPS port number

A

TCP 21

77
Q

HTTP port number

A

TCP 80

78
Q

HTTPS port number

A

TCP 443

79
Q

IMAP4 port number

A

TCP 143

80
Q

LDAP port number

A

TCP 389

81
Q

POP3 port number

A

TCP 110

82
Q

RDP port number

A

TCP 3389

83
Q

SCP port number

A

TCP 22

84
Q

SFTP port number

A

TCP 22

85
Q

SMTP port number

A

TCP 22

86
Q

SMTP port number

A

TCP 25

87
Q

Telnet port number

A

TCP 23

88
Q

client ports/channels

A
  • used for network services to transmit data back to clients

- always above 1024

89
Q

UDP

A
  • connectionless
  • used when timing is crucial
  • VoIP
  • streaming apps
  • multi user gaming
  • DNS queries
90
Q

NTP port number

A

UDP 123

91
Q

DNS port number

A

UDP 53

92
Q

SNMP port number

A

UDP 161

93
Q

TFTP port number

A

UDP 69

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