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Serology Day 1 - Immune system, immunoglobulins, complement Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule that is capable of eliciting formation of antibodies in an immune competent host

Reacts with antibody or t cell

Not able to evoke IR in first place

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2
Q

Antibody

A

GlycoPROTEIN binds w/ antigen “lock & key”
Produced by B cells and plasma cells in response to a foreign substance exposure
Aka immunoglobulins

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3
Q

Immunogen

A

Any substance that is capable of inducing a humoral or cellular IR and combine with it

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4
Q

Immunoglobulin structure

A

Y shaped - 2 heavy chains & 2 light chains (kappa, lambda)
2 Fab regions
1 Fc region
The larger the hinge region the greater the chances of degredation

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5
Q

Fab

A

Antibody binding region of monomer.

Contains 1 heavy and 1 light chain

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6
Q

Fc

A

Crystallizable region. Contains 2 heavy chains. Complement fixation occurs here

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7
Q

Immune system

A

Defense mechanism
Mammels - rid host of pathogens
Invertebrates - some immune response
Ability to distinguish self

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8
Q

Recognition phase

A

Self ➡️ normally no I.R.

Non-self ➡️ response phase

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9
Q

Innate (natural) immunity

A 
Most primitive 
General recognition
Antigen independent
First line
Rapid
Non-specific (physical and chemical barriers)
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10
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immunity

A
  • specific recognition of small portion of organism or antigen (antigen dependent)
  • memory of initiator
  • eliminate self reacting cells
  • 2 types: humeral and cell mediated
  • lag time between exposure and Max response
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11
Q

Autoimmunity

A

When self-reacting cells persist and are not destroyed.
Abnormal I.R. to host’s cells or tissue.
Antibody or cell mediated

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12
Q

Innate immune defenses in body

A 
Flushing of urinary tract, pH
GI Flora
Stomach acid pH
Antimicrobial in saliva, tears
Physical barriers: cillia, mucus
Skin - fatty acids, Flora
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13
Q

Leukocytes

A

Wbcs

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14
Q

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte) PMN

A

Removes infectious agent by phagocytosis

Most abundant in circulation 55-75% of wbcs

Granulocyte

Nucleus

- mature PMN - multi-lobed (segmented)
- immature PMN - non-segmented bands
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15
Q

Monocytes

A

2-9% of wbcs

Agranulocytes

Nucleus - convoluted and Lacy

Cytoplasma - large amount of grey/blue w/small purple granules

Quickly removed from bloodstream to tissues where they become macrophages and histiocytes.

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16
Q

Interleukins produced by T Helper 2’s

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

All help activate B cells so they can become plasma cells and produce antibodies

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17
Q

Plasma cells

A

Differentiated B cell, no longer has membrane IgM or IgD

Each plasma cell secretes an antibody with a specific variable portion (matches with a specific epitope)

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18
Q

Memory B cell

A

Long-lived, circulate through blood to lymphoid tissues
Have high levels of complement receptors/adhesion molecules
Repeat activation of a Memory B cell much easier than Mature B cell

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19
Q

Epitope (antigenic determinant)

A

Structure on antigen that elicits antibody response

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20
Q

Isotype

A

Changes in constant region of heavy chains which results in different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD, etc)

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21
Q

Allotype

A

Minor changes in constant region of heavy chains that create subclasses (IgG1-4)

22
Q

Idiotype

A

Changes in hypervariable region (both heavy and light chains) which changes which epitope is recognized (could be different parts of same antigen)

23
Q

IgG

A

80% of all immunoglobulins

Monomer, long-term immunity, only Ig to cross placenta, activates classical pathway, has 4 subclasses

24
Q

IgA

A 
10-15% total Ig
2 subclasses (serum IgA usually a monomer, secretory IgA usually dimer or tetramer with secretory piece)
25
IgM
5-10% of all Ig Pentamer joined by J chain, first Ig produced in immune response, sometimes found in secretions, large size makes it good activator or complement Effective in microbial killing
26
IgD
0.2% of all Ig Monomer, membrane-bound to mature B cells, long hinge region makes it prone to proteolysis Regulates activation of B cells
27
IgE
Less than 0.002% of all Ig Binds mast cells/eosinophils at Fc region, binds allergen and caused degranulation (histamine released to cause allergic response), immune response to parasites
28
Classical complement pathway
Antibody-dependent, components numbered C1-9 Recognition: C1q, C1r, C1s Activation: C4, C2, C3 Membrane attack complex: C5-C9
29
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
C5 cleaved to C5a (potent anaphylatoxin) and C5b (binding molecule for C6-9) C6-7 deposit on cell membrane, lysis begins when C8 is added and forms channel, C9 completes channel (lysis due to uncontrolled loss of nutrients and influx of water)
30
Alternate complement pathway
``` Antibody-independent Factor D = similar to C1qrs Factor B = similar to C2 Properdin = stabilizing molecule Once C3 is cleaved, follows same path and classical ```
31
Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) pathway
Innate immune system, important in infants who don’t have mom’s antibodies any more but don’t have own immune system, binds to carbohydrates
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Total Hemolytic Complement (CH50) assay
Checking patient ability to myself standard amount of antibody coated sheep RBC’s If low, a factor is deficient If 0, no complement at all
33
AH50 Assay
Alternate pathway function, use rabbit blood If both CH50 and AH50 abnormal, defect is in C3, or C5-9 If only CH50 abnormal, defect in C1, C2, or C4
34
Macrophages
Large, round nucleus w/ 1-2 nucleoli Cytoplasm - vacuolated w granules Specialized in tissue
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Specialized macrophages
``` Dust cell - lung Kupffer cell - liver Mesangial phagocyte - kidney Microglial cell - brain Osteoclast - bone ```
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Natural killer cells
10-15% of lymphocytes Destroy virus- infected and tumor cells Lack antigen specificity
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Basophils
Inflammatory cells circulating
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Mast cells
Inflammatory cells in tissue
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Eosinophils
Allergy, parasitic infections
40
Antigen presenting cells (apc)
Dendritic cells (innate) Macrophages (innate) B-cells (adaptive)
41
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Aka human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Must be on surface of APC for t-cell activation Associated with organ and tissue rejection Class 1 MHC - on most cells Class 2 MHC - on APC
42
Epitope
Specific site on the antigen to which antibody or T cell receptors bind. An antigen can have many
43
Proteolytic enzymes
Pepsin - 2 fragments: 1 Fc & 1 F(ab)2 Papain - 3 fragments: 2 Fab & 1 Fc
44
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow - produces B cells over lifetime of host Thymus - produces T lymphocytes until host reaches puberty (CD4:CD8 ratio is 2:1)
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes, SPLEEN, Peter's patches
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Lymphocytes - wbcs
Significant role in IR Small, round, 10-12um diameter Round nucleus w/ dense nuclear chromatin Scant, blue cytoplasma
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Primary IR
IgM 1st, IgG next after first exposure to antigen | IgM large and captures lots of antigen, but declines faster
48
Secondary IR
Follows re-exposure to same antigen Shorter response time Larger quantities of IgG produced - persists longer due to memory cells
49
Active/acquired immunity
Infection/exposure to antigen (natural) | Vaccination (artificial)
50
Passive immunity
Your own immune system not producing IgG cross placenta Abs secreted in breast milk Injections of gammaglobulins and Abs
51
Adoptive immunity
Depending on what patient "needs" Anti-cancer treatment Introduction of natural killer cells

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