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Copied decks > Quiz 1 - Immune System, Immunoglobulin & Complements > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Immune System, Immunoglobulin & Complements Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen vs Immunogen

A

Antigen - combines with specific byproduct but does not necessarily trigger the initial immune response

Immunogen - triggers the immune response and combines with the byproduct of the response

All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

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2
Q

Innate vs adaptive - which forms memory?

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Innate vs adaptive - which is nonspecific and which is specific?

A

Innate = non-specific
-no previous exposure required

Adaptive = specific

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of these two types of immunity

A

Humoral immunity = antibodies

Cell-mediated immunity = B/T cells

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5
Q

Humoral vs cell-mediated immunity - which is triggered in a viral infection? Which is triggered in a bacterial infection?

A

Viral = humoral and cell-mediated

Bacterial = humoral

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6
Q

This develops when self-reacting cells persist and are not destroyed

A

Autoimmunity

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7
Q

Innate immunity - two types of barriers

A

Physical - ciliated cells, skin

Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)

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8
Q

Innate immunity - two types of barriers

A

Physical - ciliated cells, skin

Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)

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9
Q

What cells are granulocytes and what are agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages

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10
Q

Majority of lymphocytes are what types of cells?

A

T cells

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11
Q

True/False - all T cells are CD4 or CD8

A

False

-immature T cells do not have these receptors

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12
Q

All T cells have this CD receptor

A

CD2

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13
Q

Where do T cells acquire their CD4 or CD8 receptors

A

Thymus

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14
Q

The most abundant WBC cell in circulation is the…

A

Neutrophil

-55-75% of total WBCs

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15
Q

The majority of T cells are this subset of T cells…

A

CD4 Th

-66% (2/3)

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16
Q

CD4 vs CD8 - which is T helper and which is cytotoxic T cell?

A

CD4 = T helper

CD8 = cytotoxic

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17
Q

Helper T cells are divided into… What cytokines do they release?

A

Th1 = IFN-gamma, TNF

Th2 = IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

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18
Q

What are the functions of IFN-gamma and TNF?

A

Activate macrophages

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19
Q

What are the functions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6?

A

Activate B cells to become plasma cells

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20
Q

Whenever you get a cut or wound, these cells are the first phagocytes to encounter pathogens

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Neutrophils migrate through blood vessels to tissue in a process called…

A

Diapedesis

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22
Q

Immature vs mature neutrophils - what does each look like?

A

Immature = non-segmented bands

Mature = multi-lobed, segmented

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23
Q

Where are monocytes and macrophages found?

A

Monocytes = blood

Macrophages = tissue

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24
Q

What are macrophages called in these tissues: lungs, liver, kidney, brain, bone

A 
Dust cells
Kupffer cells
Mesangial phagocytes
Microglia
Osteoclast
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25
Q

These two cells increase in an allergic response

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

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26
Q

Eosinophilia is indicative of what 2 things?

A

Allergies

Parasitic infection

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27
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (3)

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

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28
Q

What 2 types of cells do NK cells target?

A

Virus-infected cells

Tumor cells

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29
Q

Basophils and mast cells are both involved in… Where can each one be found?

A

Inflammatory response

Basophils are circulating, mast cells are in tissues

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30
Q

MHC is also known as

A

HLA = human leukocyte antigen

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31
Q

MHC I and II - what types of cells are they found on?

A

MHC I = all nucleated cells
-not on RBCs (not nucleated)

MHC II = antigen-presenting cells

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32
Q

What are haptens?

A

Antigens that are weak immunogens. Can be combined with a larger molecule to make it more immunogenic

  • haptens + alum
  • seen in conjugated vaccines
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33
Q

Antibodies - composed of how many light and heavy chains?

A

2 heavy

2 light

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34
Q

Which part of the antibody is susceptible to a proteolytic cleavage?

A

Hinge

-bigger the hinge, the more susceptible

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35
Q

When an antibody is treated with either papain or pepsin, how many fragments are produced?

A

Papain = 3 fragments
2 Fab and 1 Fc

Pepsin = 2 fragments
1 F(ab')2 and 1 Fc
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36
Q

Which part of the antibody attaches to complement to activate them?

A

Fc

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37
Q

What distinguishes different classes of antibodies?

A

Fc

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38
Q

Antibodies - light chains are one of two types…

A

kappa
lambda

never both together

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39
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there and what are they?

A

5

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
40
Q

The most abundant Ig is… How many subclasses does it have?

A

IgG

4 subclasses

41
Q

The largest Ig is

A

IgM

42
Q

This Ig is present in body fluids… How many subclasses does it have?

A

IgA

2

43
Q

What is IgE involved in?

A

Allergies

Parasitic infections

44
Q

What is the composition of the Fc region?

A

Heavy chains only

45
Q

IgA has two forms… where is each found?

A

Monomer in circulation

Dimer in mucous secretions
-has secretory piece, which resists proteolysis

46
Q

IgD are found on…

A

Mature B cells

  • gone in plasma cells
  • regulates B cell activation
47
Q

Normal CD4:CD8 ratio

A

2:1

48
Q

After maturation, naive B and T cells go primarily to this secondary lymph organ

A

Spleen

-germinal centers

49
Q

Can blood smears differentiate B and T cells? What do clinical labs usually use?

A

No

Flow cytometry

50
Q

First antibody to be produced during any infection is… One week later, this antibody appears…

A

IgM
-declines faster

IgG
-lasts longer

51
Q

During a secondary infection to the same pathogen, the response time is… Large quantities of this antibody is produced…

A

Shorter/faster

IgG

52
Q

Active natural immunity example

A

Infections

53
Q

Active artificial immunity example

A

Vaccinations

54
Q

Passive natural immunity example

A

Igs crossing placenta

Igs secreted in breast milk

55
Q

Passive artificial immunity example

A

Gammaglobulins and abs injections

56
Q

What is adoptive immunity

A

Anti-cancer treatment

Inject NK cells

-adopt another person’s immunity

57
Q

Stages of B cell maturation (4)

A

Undifferentiated stem cell

Pro-B cell

Pre-B cell

Mature, naive B cell

58
Q

B cell genes rearrange during this stage of B cell maturation

A

Pro B cell

59
Q

Which chromosomes are heavy chain, kappa light chain, and lambda light chain genes located?

A

Heavy = 14

Kappa light = 2

Lambda light = 22

60
Q

The antigen-binding site is on this part of the antibody

A

Fab or variable region

61
Q

Do plasma cells express IgM or IgD?

A

No

62
Q

Heavy and light chains are connected by this type of bond

A

Disulfide bond

63
Q

B cells undergo this process to make them highly specific for epitopes on antigens

A

Gene rearrangement

64
Q

What are the 3 types of antigenic determinants (epitopes)

A

Isotype

Allotype

Idiotype

65
Q

Isotype - have differences in… What is its significance?

A

Constant region of heavy chains (Fc)

Different classes of antibodies
-IgM, IgG, etc

66
Q

Allotypes - have differences in… What is its significance?

A

Minor differences in constant region of heavy chains; variation of alleles

Gives rise to different subclasses
-IgG1 -> 4

67
Q

Idiotype - have differences in… What is its significance?

A

Hypervariable region of Fab
-light + heavy chain

Single clone of B cells can produce unique abs

68
Q

Only Ig that can cross the placenta is…

A 
IgG
-only IgG2 subclass cannot cross
69
Q

This Ig activates the classical complement pathway

A

IgG

70
Q

IgA form dimers and IgM form pentamers that bind together via this component

A

J chain

71
Q

Which Ig is most susceptible to proteolysis? Why?

A

IgD - long hinge region

72
Q

What cells do IgE antibodies bind to? Via which portion of the antibody?

A

Mast cells
Basophils

via Fc region
-Fab binds to antigens, causing degranulation

73
Q

Least abundant Ig

A

IgE

74
Q

True/false - T cells can recognize antigen directly

A

False

Antigen needs to be bound to MHC

75
Q

Complement - part of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Both:

Innate
-bridges to adaptive
Adaptive
-activated by antigen-antibody complex

76
Q

Where are most complement proteins produced?

A

Liver

-adipose, epithelial can also produce

77
Q

How complement protects against bacterial infection (2)

A

Aids in phagocytosis/antigen presentation

Causes lysis (MAC)

78
Q

Complement pathways (3)

A

Classical

Alternate

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

79
Q

Classical vs alternate pathways - which is antibody-dependent and which is antibody-independent?

A

Classical = antibody-dependent

  • MUST be antibody-antigen complex
  • cannot be triggered by antigen alone
  • C1 - C9

Alternate = antibody-independent
-pathogen cell wall, polysaccharide, etc

80
Q

MBL pathway - how is it activated?

A

Bacterial carbohydrates interact with complement

-in younger people

81
Q

All 3 complement pathways converge on…

A

C3

82
Q

Which complement proteins form the MAC?

A

C5 - C9

83
Q

People who lack complement are susceptible to infections by this bacteria…

A

Neisseria meningitidis

84
Q

Complement components can be inactivated by…

A

Heat

  • 56C
  • heat labile
85
Q

Most abundant complement protein

A

C3

86
Q

Most important complement pathway

A

Classical pathway

87
Q

3 steps of the classical pathway and what complement proteins are involved in each step

A

Recognition - C1q, C1r, C1s

Activation - C2, C3, C4

Membrane attack complex (MAC) - C5 through C9

88
Q

What activates the classical pathway?

A

Antigen-antibody complex

  • 1 IgM or 2 IgG
  • IgM is better = pentamer
89
Q

How does the MAC work?

A

Forms a pore/channel in the cell, causing electrolytes to leak out and water to gush in, causing lysis

90
Q

What activates the alternate pathway?

A

Cell walls

-involves Factor D, Factor B, properdin

91
Q

Why is the alternate pathway beneficial?

A

When infection does not produce enough/no antibodies

-need complement to fight infection

92
Q

What is the CH50 assay?

A

Total hemolytic complement

Screening test for function of classical pathway

  • based on ability of patient’s complement to lyse a standardized amount of antibody-coated sheep RBC
  • low CH50 = deficient
  • value of 0 = total lack of complement
93
Q

What does a CH50 value mean?

A

Dilution that lyses 50% of RBCs

94
Q

What is the AH50 assay? How is it different from the CH50?

A

Screening test for alternate pathway function

-uses rabbit blood cells instead of sheep RBC

95
Q

What does an abnormal CH50 and AH50 indicate? What does just an abnormal CH50 indicate?

A

Defect in C3, or C5 through C9
-later complement defective

Defect in C1, C2 or C4
-initial complement defective

96
Q

CD4 cells bind to this MHC class… CD8 cells bind to this MHC class…

A

CD4 - MHC II

CD8 - MHC I

97
Q

Factor D, Factor B, and properdin are involved in which pathway?

A

Alternate pathway

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