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Quiz 1 - Immune System, Immunoglobulin & Complements Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen vs Immunogen

A

Antigen - combines with specific byproduct but does not necessarily trigger the initial immune response

Immunogen - triggers the immune response and combines with the byproduct of the response

All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

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2
Q

Innate vs adaptive - which forms memory?

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Innate vs adaptive - which is nonspecific and which is specific?

A

Innate = non-specific
-no previous exposure required

Adaptive = specific

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of these two types of immunity

A

Humoral immunity = antibodies

Cell-mediated immunity = B/T cells

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5
Q

Humoral vs cell-mediated immunity - which is triggered in a viral infection? Which is triggered in a bacterial infection?

A

Viral = humoral and cell-mediated

Bacterial = humoral

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6
Q

This develops when self-reacting cells persist and are not destroyed

A

Autoimmunity

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7
Q

Innate immunity - two types of barriers

A

Physical - ciliated cells, skin

Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)

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8
Q

Innate immunity - two types of barriers

A

Physical - ciliated cells, skin

Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)

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9
Q

What cells are granulocytes and what are agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages

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10
Q

Majority of lymphocytes are what types of cells?

A

T cells

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11
Q

True/False - all T cells are CD4 or CD8

A

False

-immature T cells do not have these receptors

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12
Q

All T cells have this CD receptor

A

CD2

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13
Q

Where do T cells acquire their CD4 or CD8 receptors

A

Thymus

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14
Q

The most abundant WBC cell in circulation is the…

A

Neutrophil

-55-75% of total WBCs

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15
Q

The majority of T cells are this subset of T cells…

A

CD4 Th

-66% (2/3)

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16
Q

CD4 vs CD8 - which is T helper and which is cytotoxic T cell?

A

CD4 = T helper

CD8 = cytotoxic

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17
Q

Helper T cells are divided into… What cytokines do they release?

A

Th1 = IFN-gamma, TNF

Th2 = IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

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18
Q

What are the functions of IFN-gamma and TNF?

A

Activate macrophages

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19
Q

What are the functions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6?

A

Activate B cells to become plasma cells

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20
Q

Whenever you get a cut or wound, these cells are the first phagocytes to encounter pathogens

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Neutrophils migrate through blood vessels to tissue in a process called…

A

Diapedesis

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22
Q

Immature vs mature neutrophils - what does each look like?

A

Immature = non-segmented bands

Mature = multi-lobed, segmented

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23
Q

Where are monocytes and macrophages found?

A

Monocytes = blood

Macrophages = tissue

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24
Q

What are macrophages called in these tissues: lungs, liver, kidney, brain, bone

A 
Dust cells
Kupffer cells
Mesangial phagocytes
Microglia
Osteoclast
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25
These two cells increase in an allergic response
Basophils Eosinophils
26
Eosinophilia is indicative of what 2 things?
Allergies Parasitic infection
27
Antigen-presenting cells (3)
Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
28
What 2 types of cells do NK cells target?
Virus-infected cells Tumor cells
29
Basophils and mast cells are both involved in... Where can each one be found?
Inflammatory response Basophils are circulating, mast cells are in tissues
30
MHC is also known as
HLA = human leukocyte antigen
31
MHC I and II - what types of cells are they found on?
MHC I = all nucleated cells -not on RBCs (not nucleated) MHC II = antigen-presenting cells
32
What are haptens?
Antigens that are weak immunogens. Can be combined with a larger molecule to make it more immunogenic - haptens + alum - seen in conjugated vaccines
33
Antibodies - composed of how many light and heavy chains?
2 heavy | 2 light
34
Which part of the antibody is susceptible to a proteolytic cleavage?
Hinge | -bigger the hinge, the more susceptible
35
When an antibody is treated with either papain or pepsin, how many fragments are produced?
Papain = 3 fragments 2 Fab and 1 Fc ``` Pepsin = 2 fragments 1 F(ab')2 and 1 Fc ```
36
Which part of the antibody attaches to complement to activate them?
Fc
37
What distinguishes different classes of antibodies?
Fc
38
Antibodies - light chains are one of two types...
kappa lambda never both together
39
How many classes of antibodies are there and what are they?
5 ``` IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD ```
40
The most abundant Ig is... How many subclasses does it have?
IgG 4 subclasses
41
The largest Ig is
IgM
42
This Ig is present in body fluids... How many subclasses does it have?
IgA 2
43
What is IgE involved in?
Allergies Parasitic infections
44
What is the composition of the Fc region?
Heavy chains only
45
IgA has two forms... where is each found?
Monomer in circulation Dimer in mucous secretions -has secretory piece, which resists proteolysis
46
IgD are found on...
Mature B cells - gone in plasma cells - regulates B cell activation
47
Normal CD4:CD8 ratio
2:1
48
After maturation, naive B and T cells go primarily to this secondary lymph organ
Spleen | -germinal centers
49
Can blood smears differentiate B and T cells? What do clinical labs usually use?
No Flow cytometry
50
First antibody to be produced during any infection is... One week later, this antibody appears...
IgM -declines faster IgG -lasts longer
51
During a secondary infection to the same pathogen, the response time is... Large quantities of this antibody is produced...
Shorter/faster IgG
52
Active natural immunity example
Infections
53
Active artificial immunity example
Vaccinations
54
Passive natural immunity example
Igs crossing placenta | Igs secreted in breast milk
55
Passive artificial immunity example
Gammaglobulins and abs injections
56
What is adoptive immunity
Anti-cancer treatment Inject NK cells -adopt another person's immunity
57
Stages of B cell maturation (4)
Undifferentiated stem cell Pro-B cell Pre-B cell Mature, naive B cell
58
B cell genes rearrange during this stage of B cell maturation
Pro B cell
59
Which chromosomes are heavy chain, kappa light chain, and lambda light chain genes located?
Heavy = 14 Kappa light = 2 Lambda light = 22
60
The antigen-binding site is on this part of the antibody
Fab or variable region
61
Do plasma cells express IgM or IgD?
No
62
Heavy and light chains are connected by this type of bond
Disulfide bond
63
B cells undergo this process to make them highly specific for epitopes on antigens
Gene rearrangement
64
What are the 3 types of antigenic determinants (epitopes)
Isotype Allotype Idiotype
65
Isotype - have differences in... What is its significance?
Constant region of heavy chains (Fc) Different classes of antibodies -IgM, IgG, etc
66
Allotypes - have differences in... What is its significance?
Minor differences in constant region of heavy chains; variation of alleles Gives rise to different subclasses -IgG1 -> 4
67
Idiotype - have differences in... What is its significance?
Hypervariable region of Fab -light + heavy chain Single clone of B cells can produce unique abs
68
Only Ig that can cross the placenta is...
``` IgG -only IgG2 subclass cannot cross ```
69
This Ig activates the classical complement pathway
IgG
70
IgA form dimers and IgM form pentamers that bind together via this component
J chain
71
Which Ig is most susceptible to proteolysis? Why?
IgD - long hinge region
72
What cells do IgE antibodies bind to? Via which portion of the antibody?
Mast cells Basophils via Fc region -Fab binds to antigens, causing degranulation
73
Least abundant Ig
IgE
74
True/false - T cells can recognize antigen directly
False Antigen needs to be bound to MHC
75
Complement - part of innate or adaptive immunity?
Both: Innate -bridges to adaptive Adaptive -activated by antigen-antibody complex
76
Where are most complement proteins produced?
Liver | -adipose, epithelial can also produce
77
How complement protects against bacterial infection (2)
Aids in phagocytosis/antigen presentation Causes lysis (MAC)
78
Complement pathways (3)
Classical Alternate Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
79
Classical vs alternate pathways - which is antibody-dependent and which is antibody-independent?
Classical = antibody-dependent - MUST be antibody-antigen complex - cannot be triggered by antigen alone - C1 - C9 Alternate = antibody-independent -pathogen cell wall, polysaccharide, etc
80
MBL pathway - how is it activated?
Bacterial carbohydrates interact with complement | -in younger people
81
All 3 complement pathways converge on...
C3
82
Which complement proteins form the MAC?
C5 - C9
83
People who lack complement are susceptible to infections by this bacteria...
Neisseria meningitidis
84
Complement components can be inactivated by...
Heat - 56C - heat labile
85
Most abundant complement protein
C3
86
Most important complement pathway
Classical pathway
87
3 steps of the classical pathway and what complement proteins are involved in each step
Recognition - C1q, C1r, C1s Activation - C2, C3, C4 Membrane attack complex (MAC) - C5 through C9
88
What activates the classical pathway?
Antigen-antibody complex - 1 IgM or 2 IgG - IgM is better = pentamer
89
How does the MAC work?
Forms a pore/channel in the cell, causing electrolytes to leak out and water to gush in, causing lysis
90
What activates the alternate pathway?
Cell walls | -involves Factor D, Factor B, properdin
91
Why is the alternate pathway beneficial?
When infection does not produce enough/no antibodies | -need complement to fight infection
92
What is the CH50 assay?
Total hemolytic complement Screening test for function of classical pathway - based on ability of patient's complement to lyse a standardized amount of antibody-coated sheep RBC - low CH50 = deficient - value of 0 = total lack of complement
93
What does a CH50 value mean?
Dilution that lyses 50% of RBCs
94
What is the AH50 assay? How is it different from the CH50?
Screening test for alternate pathway function | -uses rabbit blood cells instead of sheep RBC
95
What does an abnormal CH50 and AH50 indicate? What does just an abnormal CH50 indicate?
Defect in C3, or C5 through C9 -later complement defective Defect in C1, C2 or C4 -initial complement defective
96
CD4 cells bind to this MHC class... CD8 cells bind to this MHC class...
CD4 - MHC II CD8 - MHC I
97
Factor D, Factor B, and properdin are involved in which pathway?
Alternate pathway

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