Serology Flashcards
The word ______ refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances.
Blood
______ which is the fluid portion of blood, is composed principally of water.
Plasma
Red blood cells are called ______ (erythrocytes/leukocytes)
erythrocytes
White blood cells are called _______
(erythrocytes/leukocytes)
leukocytes
______, usually proteins, are located on the surface of red blood cells and are responsible for blood-type characteristics.
Antigens
More than 15 blood antigen systems have been identified, but the _____ and ____ systems are the most important.
A-B-O and Rh
An individual that is type A has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
A
An individual that is type B has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
B
An individual that is type O has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
neither A nor B
An individual that is type AB has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
A and B
Rh factor is determined by the presence of the _ antigen.
D
For every antigen, there is a specific antibody that will react with it to form clumps known as _______
agglutination
A number of ___________ _____ techniques are commercially available for detecting drugs through antigen-antibody reaction.
immunological assay
the ______________________________ (EMIT), is used by toxicologists because of its speed and high sensitivity for detecting drugs in urine.
enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique
A specific immunoassay procedure, such as ___________, uses drugs labeled with radioactive tags.
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
When an animal, such as a rabbit or mouse, is injected with an antigen, its body will produce…
polyclonal antibodies.
A more uniform and specific collection of antibodies designed to combine with a single antigen site are known as…
monoclonals.
The criminalist must be prepared to answer the following questions when examining dried blood:
Is it blood?
From what species did the blood originate?
If the blood is of human origin, how closely can it be associated with a particular individual?
The determination of blood is best made by means of…
a preliminary color test.
A positive result from the _______ _____ ___ is highly indicative of blood
Kastle-Meyer color test
What causes the color in the Kastle-Meyer color test
Hemoglobin
the ______ test is used to search out trace amounts of blood located at crime scenes
luminol
_________ ______, such as the Takayama and Teichmann tests, depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood so that characteristic crystals will be formed
Microcrystalline tests
_______ _________ and the stain’s _____, _____, and ______ must be considered when determining a bloodstain’s direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact
Surface texture, shape, size, location
In general, the harder and less porous the surface, the _____ spatter results
less
The ______ __ _______of blood striking an object may be discerned because the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces its direction of travel.
direction of travel
The direction of travel of blood striking an object may be discerned because the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces…
its direction of travel
Impact spatter occurs…
when an object impacts a source of blood.
Forward spatter is…
projected outward and away from the source.
Back spatter is also known as…
blow-back spatter
Back spatter is…
projected backward from the source.
The direction of travel of blood striking an object may be discerned because…
the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces its direction of travel.
Drops with diameters of _______ or more normally produced by an applied force of up to 5 ft./sec.
4 mm
Drops with diameters of less than _______ from an applied force of 100 ft./sec. or faster.
1 mm
True or false: one should use stain size categories very cautiously and for descriptive purposes only in evaluating impact spatter patterns.
true
A _____ is created when an object blocks the deposition of blood spatter onto a target surface or object, and the spatter is deposited onto the object or person instead.
Void
A ______or ______ pattern is created when an object with blood on it touches one that does not have blood on it.
contact or transfer
_____ patterns may be caused by movement of the bloody object across a surface.
swipe
_____ patterns are made by drops or large amounts of blood flowing by the pull of gravity.
Flow
________ of a flow pattern may indicate the sequence and passage of time between the flow and its interruption.
Interruption
What is the average adult human blood content?
1.2-1.5 gallons (5 liters) (10 units)
How much blood can you loose before it’s considered fatal
about half
How long does it take to bleed out from a major arterial injury
2-5 minutes
A _______ occurs when blood collects in a level (not sloped) and undisturbed place.
pool of blood
The phenomenon of ___________ occurs when the edges of a stain dry to the surface.
skeletonization
A _______ _______ pattern is a series of drops that are separate from other patterns, formed by blood dripping off an object or injury.
drop trail
The Two techniques used to document bloodstain patterns are:
Grid Method
and Perimeter Ruler Method
Explain the grid method used to document bloodstain patterns.
A grid of squares of known dimensions are set up over the entire pattern.
Explain the Perimeter Ruler method used to document bloodstain patterns.
A rectangular border of rulers is set up around each pattern and a smaller ruler is placed next to each stain.
How much blood can be lost before a loss of consciousness
1 Liter
How much blood do most people have
5 Liters
Why do blood drops hold their shape so well?
Surface tension
Is blood class or individual evidence?
Both
What is the name for small drops that are found outside the main drop of blood?
Satellite
What is the name of the dried outer ring around a drop of blood?
Skeleton
A person with A+ blood type can donate too…
A+, AB+
A person with A+ blood type can receive from…
A+, A-, O+, O-
A person with A- blood type can donate too…
A+, A-, AB+, AB-
A person with A- blood type can receive from…
A-, O-
A person with B+ blood type can donate too…
B+, AB+
A person with B+ blood type can receive from…
B+, B-, O+, O-
A person with B- blood type can donate too…
B+, B-, AB+, AB-
A person with B- blood type can receive from…
B-, O-
A person with AB+ blood type can donate too…
AB+
A person with AB+ blood type can receive from…
All groups
A person with AB- blood type can donate too…
AB+, AB-
A person with AB- blood type can receive from…
A-, B-, AB-, O-
A person with O+ blood type can donate too…
A+, B+, AB+, O+
A person with O+ blood type can receive from…
O+, O-
A person with O- blood type can donate too…
All groups
