Serology Flashcards
The word ______ refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances.
Blood
______ which is the fluid portion of blood, is composed principally of water.
Plasma
Red blood cells are called ______ (erythrocytes/leukocytes)
erythrocytes
White blood cells are called _______
(erythrocytes/leukocytes)
leukocytes
______, usually proteins, are located on the surface of red blood cells and are responsible for blood-type characteristics.
Antigens
More than 15 blood antigen systems have been identified, but the _____ and ____ systems are the most important.
A-B-O and Rh
An individual that is type A has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
A
An individual that is type B has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
B
An individual that is type O has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
neither A nor B
An individual that is type AB has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,
A and B
Rh factor is determined by the presence of the _ antigen.
D
For every antigen, there is a specific antibody that will react with it to form clumps known as _______
agglutination
A number of ___________ _____ techniques are commercially available for detecting drugs through antigen-antibody reaction.
immunological assay
the ______________________________ (EMIT), is used by toxicologists because of its speed and high sensitivity for detecting drugs in urine.
enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique
A specific immunoassay procedure, such as ___________, uses drugs labeled with radioactive tags.
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
When an animal, such as a rabbit or mouse, is injected with an antigen, its body will produce…
polyclonal antibodies.
A more uniform and specific collection of antibodies designed to combine with a single antigen site are known as…
monoclonals.
The criminalist must be prepared to answer the following questions when examining dried blood:
Is it blood?
From what species did the blood originate?
If the blood is of human origin, how closely can it be associated with a particular individual?
The determination of blood is best made by means of…
a preliminary color test.
A positive result from the _______ _____ ___ is highly indicative of blood
Kastle-Meyer color test
What causes the color in the Kastle-Meyer color test
Hemoglobin
the ______ test is used to search out trace amounts of blood located at crime scenes
luminol
_________ ______, such as the Takayama and Teichmann tests, depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood so that characteristic crystals will be formed
Microcrystalline tests
_______ _________ and the stain’s _____, _____, and ______ must be considered when determining a bloodstain’s direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact
Surface texture, shape, size, location
