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Forensics > Serology > Flashcards

Serology Flashcards

1
Q

The word ______ refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances.

A

Blood

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2
Q

______ which is the fluid portion of blood, is composed principally of water.

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Red blood cells are called ______ (erythrocytes/leukocytes)

A

erythrocytes

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4
Q

White blood cells are called _______
(erythrocytes/leukocytes)

A

leukocytes

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5
Q

______, usually proteins, are located on the surface of red blood cells and are responsible for blood-type characteristics.

A

Antigens

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6
Q

More than 15 blood antigen systems have been identified, but the _____ and ____ systems are the most important.

A

A-B-O and Rh

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7
Q

An individual that is type A has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,

A

A

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8
Q

An individual that is type B has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,

A

B

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9
Q

An individual that is type O has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,

A

neither A nor B

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10
Q

An individual that is type AB has _ antigens on his/her red blood cells,

A

A and B

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11
Q

Rh factor is determined by the presence of the _ antigen.

A

D

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12
Q

For every antigen, there is a specific antibody that will react with it to form clumps known as _______

A

agglutination

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13
Q

A number of ___________ _____ techniques are commercially available for detecting drugs through antigen-antibody reaction.

A

immunological assay

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14
Q

the ______________________________ (EMIT), is used by toxicologists because of its speed and high sensitivity for detecting drugs in urine.

A

enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique

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15
Q

A specific immunoassay procedure, such as ___________, uses drugs labeled with radioactive tags.

A

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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16
Q

When an animal, such as a rabbit or mouse, is injected with an antigen, its body will produce…

A

polyclonal antibodies.

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17
Q

A more uniform and specific collection of antibodies designed to combine with a single antigen site are known as…

A

monoclonals.

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18
Q

The criminalist must be prepared to answer the following questions when examining dried blood:

A

Is it blood?
From what species did the blood originate?
If the blood is of human origin, how closely can it be associated with a particular individual?

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19
Q

The determination of blood is best made by means of…

A

a preliminary color test.

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20
Q

A positive result from the _______ _____ ___ is highly indicative of blood

A

Kastle-Meyer color test

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21
Q

What causes the color in the Kastle-Meyer color test

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

the ______ test is used to search out trace amounts of blood located at crime scenes

A

luminol

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23
Q

_________ ______, such as the Takayama and Teichmann tests, depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood so that characteristic crystals will be formed

A

Microcrystalline tests

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24
Q

_______ _________ and the stain’s _____, _____, and ______ must be considered when determining a bloodstain’s direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact

A

Surface texture, shape, size, location

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25
Q

In general, the harder and less porous the surface, the _____ spatter results

A

less

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26
Q

The ______ __ _______of blood striking an object may be discerned because the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces its direction of travel.

A

direction of travel

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27
Q

The direction of travel of blood striking an object may be discerned because the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces…

A

its direction of travel

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28
Q

Impact spatter occurs…

A

when an object impacts a source of blood.

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29
Q

Forward spatter is…

A

projected outward and away from the source.

30
Q

Back spatter is also known as…

A

blow-back spatter

31
Q

Back spatter is…

A

projected backward from the source.

32
Q

The direction of travel of blood striking an object may be discerned because…

A

the pointed end of a bloodstain always faces its direction of travel.

33
Q

Drops with diameters of _______ or more normally produced by an applied force of up to 5 ft./sec.

A

4 mm

34
Q

Drops with diameters of less than _______ from an applied force of 100 ft./sec. or faster.

A

1 mm

35
Q

True or false: one should use stain size categories very cautiously and for descriptive purposes only in evaluating impact spatter patterns.

A

true

36
Q

A _____ is created when an object blocks the deposition of blood spatter onto a target surface or object, and the spatter is deposited onto the object or person instead.

A

Void

37
Q

A ______or ______ pattern is created when an object with blood on it touches one that does not have blood on it.

A

contact or transfer

38
Q

_____ patterns may be caused by movement of the bloody object across a surface.

A

swipe

39
Q

_____ patterns are made by drops or large amounts of blood flowing by the pull of gravity.

A

Flow

40
Q

________ of a flow pattern may indicate the sequence and passage of time between the flow and its interruption.

A

Interruption

41
Q

What is the average adult human blood content?

A

1.2-1.5 gallons (5 liters) (10 units)

42
Q

How much blood can you loose before it’s considered fatal

A

about half

43
Q

How long does it take to bleed out from a major arterial injury

A

2-5 minutes

44
Q

A _______ occurs when blood collects in a level (not sloped) and undisturbed place.

A

pool of blood

45
Q

The phenomenon of ___________ occurs when the edges of a stain dry to the surface.

A

skeletonization

46
Q

A _______ _______ pattern is a series of drops that are separate from other patterns, formed by blood dripping off an object or injury.

A

drop trail

47
Q

The Two techniques used to document bloodstain patterns are:

A

Grid Method
and Perimeter Ruler Method

48
Q

Explain the grid method used to document bloodstain patterns.

A

A grid of squares of known dimensions are set up over the entire pattern.

49
Q

Explain the Perimeter Ruler method used to document bloodstain patterns.

A

A rectangular border of rulers is set up around each pattern and a smaller ruler is placed next to each stain.

50
Q

How much blood can be lost before a loss of consciousness

A

1 Liter

51
Q

How much blood do most people have

A

5 Liters

52
Q

Why do blood drops hold their shape so well?

A

Surface tension

53
Q

Is blood class or individual evidence?

A

Both

54
Q

What is the name for small drops that are found outside the main drop of blood?

A

Satellite

55
Q

What is the name of the dried outer ring around a drop of blood?

A

Skeleton

56
Q

A person with A+ blood type can donate too…

A

A+, AB+

57
Q

A person with A+ blood type can receive from…

A

A+, A-, O+, O-

58
Q

A person with A- blood type can donate too…

A

A+, A-, AB+, AB-

59
Q

A person with A- blood type can receive from…

A

A-, O-

60
Q

A person with B+ blood type can donate too…

A

B+, AB+

61
Q

A person with B+ blood type can receive from…

A

B+, B-, O+, O-

62
Q

A person with B- blood type can donate too…

A

B+, B-, AB+, AB-

63
Q

A person with B- blood type can receive from…

A

B-, O-

64
Q

A person with AB+ blood type can donate too…

A

AB+

65
Q

A person with AB+ blood type can receive from…

A

All groups

66
Q

A person with AB- blood type can donate too…

A

AB+, AB-

67
Q

A person with AB- blood type can receive from…

A

A-, B-, AB-, O-

68
Q

A person with O+ blood type can donate too…

A

A+, B+, AB+, O+

69
Q

A person with O+ blood type can receive from…

A

O+, O-

70
Q

A person with O- blood type can donate too…

A

All groups

Forensics (5 decks)

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