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Forensics > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is the fundamental unit of heredity

A

Gene

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2
Q

A is

A

adenine

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3
Q

T is

A

Thymine

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4
Q

G is

A

guanine

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5
Q

C is

A

cytosine

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6
Q

Adenine pairs with…

A

thymine

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7
Q

Guanine pairs with…

A

cytosine

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8
Q

DNA replicates itself _____ ___ cell division

A

prior to

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9
Q

DNA replication begins with the…

A

unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix

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10
Q

DNA Helicase is responsible for…

A

splitting the double helix in two

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11
Q

_______ are credited with the discovery of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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12
Q

Rosalyn Franklin…

A

Discovered an aspect of DNA

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13
Q

DNA is constructed as a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units called _________

A

nucleotide

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14
Q

A nucleotide is composed of…

A

1) a sugar
2) a phosphorous-containing group
3) a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base.

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15
Q

Recombinant DNA relies on…

A

the ability of certain chemicals to cut DNA into fragments that can later be incorporated into another DNA strand.

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16
Q

Recombinant DNA relies on the ability of certain chemicals, known as _______ _______, to cut DNA into fragments that can later be incorporated into another DNA strand.

A

restriction enzymes

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17
Q

_________ ________ can be thought of as highly specialized scissors that cut a DNA molecule when it recognizes a specific sequence of bases.

A

Restriction enzymes

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18
Q

Portions of the DNA molecule contain sequences of bases that are repeated numerous times, known as _____ ______

A

tandem repeats

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19
Q

all humans have the same ______ of repeats, but there is tremendous variation in the ______ of repeats each of us have.

A

type; number

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20
Q

With electrophoresis, materials are…

A

forced to move across a gel-coated plate under the influence of an electrical potential

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21
Q

Variations occur throughout the genome, and in particular,…

A

in regions of noncoding DNA

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22
Q

noncoding DNA, is…

A

DNA that is not transcribed and translated into a protein

23
Q

DNA profiling uses a category of DNA variations called…

A

short tandem repeats

24
Q

Every STR has multiple alleles, or variants, each defined by…

A

the number of repeat units present or by the length of the sequence

25
Q

Polymerase chain reaction is…

A

the outgrowth of knowledge gained from an understanding of how DNA strands naturally replicate within a cell.

26
Q

What are the three steps of PCR testing?

A

1) The DNA is heated to separate it.
2) Primers (short strands of DNA used to target specific regions of DNA for replication) are added, which hybridize with the strands
3) DNA polymerase and free nucleotides are added to rebuild each of the separated strands.

27
Q

How many times is PCR testing repeated

A

25 to 30 times

28
Q

PCR technology cannot be applied to…

A

RFLP DNA typing.

29
Q

PCR is best used with DNA strands that are…

A

No longer than a couple of hundred bases.

30
Q

With STR, as little as _____ ________ of DNA is required for analysis

A

125 picograms

31
Q

RFLP analysis normally needs ____ _____ more DNA than STR analysis

A

100 times

32
Q

Mitochondria are structures found in all our cells used to provide ______ that our bodies needs to function.

A

energy/ATP

33
Q

Blood based evidence cannot be stored in…

A

Plastic or Air tight containers

34
Q

How do you collect dried blood

A

with a swab of distilled water, which is then placed in a swab box, Malila folder or envelope

35
Q

Standard/reference DNA specimens must also be collected with a…

A

buccal swab

36
Q

The type of DNA testing most commonly used in DNA fingerprinting is…

A

STR

37
Q

A human chromosome is made of ___________ strands of DNA

A

2

38
Q

After extracting DNA from a source, the next step is to ______ the sample using restriction enzymes.

A

Cut

39
Q

The analysis of chromosomes, which was originally developed by geneticists, is known as…

A

karyotyping

40
Q

Genetic information is stored in molecules of DNA making up structures called…

A

chromosomes

41
Q

In the nucleus of most human body cells, there are ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

42
Q

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene is:

A

An Allele

43
Q

DNA sequences which code for proteins that determine inherited characteristics or traits are:

A

genes

44
Q

Total amount of DNA in a cell, contained in chromosomes and mitochondria, is called the human:

A

genome

45
Q

The DNA in chromosomes contains approximately ____ base pairs

A

3 billion

46
Q

DNA sequences with a high degree of polymorphism are…

A

most useful for DNA analysis

47
Q

DNA stands for…

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

48
Q

What is the complementary strand to the DNA sequence AATTGCG

A

TTAACGC

49
Q

The bonds that form between complementary bases are called…

A

hydrogen bonds

50
Q

The bonds that form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another are called…

A

covalent bonds

51
Q

____ ___________ links individual nucleotides into DNA molecules

A

DNA polymerase

52
Q

Which of the following is not a role of DNA?
Storing information
Copying information
Editing information
Transmitting information

A

Editing information

53
Q

The enzyme that unzips DNA during replication is called…

A

Helicase

54
Q

If the percentage of A bases is 40 percent, what is the percentage of C bases?

A

10

Forensics (5 decks)

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