DNA Flashcards
The ______ is the fundamental unit of heredity
Gene
A is
adenine
T is
Thymine
G is
guanine
C is
cytosine
Adenine pairs with…
thymine
Guanine pairs with…
cytosine
DNA replicates itself _____ ___ cell division
prior to
DNA replication begins with the…
unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix
DNA Helicase is responsible for…
splitting the double helix in two
_______ are credited with the discovery of DNA
Watson and Crick
Rosalyn Franklin…
Discovered an aspect of DNA
DNA is constructed as a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units called _________
nucleotide
A nucleotide is composed of…
1) a sugar
2) a phosphorous-containing group
3) a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base.
Recombinant DNA relies on…
the ability of certain chemicals to cut DNA into fragments that can later be incorporated into another DNA strand.
Recombinant DNA relies on the ability of certain chemicals, known as _______ _______, to cut DNA into fragments that can later be incorporated into another DNA strand.
restriction enzymes
_________ ________ can be thought of as highly specialized scissors that cut a DNA molecule when it recognizes a specific sequence of bases.
Restriction enzymes
Portions of the DNA molecule contain sequences of bases that are repeated numerous times, known as _____ ______
tandem repeats
all humans have the same ______ of repeats, but there is tremendous variation in the ______ of repeats each of us have.
type; number
With electrophoresis, materials are…
forced to move across a gel-coated plate under the influence of an electrical potential
Variations occur throughout the genome, and in particular,…
in regions of noncoding DNA
noncoding DNA, is…
DNA that is not transcribed and translated into a protein
DNA profiling uses a category of DNA variations called…
short tandem repeats
Every STR has multiple alleles, or variants, each defined by…
the number of repeat units present or by the length of the sequence
Polymerase chain reaction is…
the outgrowth of knowledge gained from an understanding of how DNA strands naturally replicate within a cell.
What are the three steps of PCR testing?
1) The DNA is heated to separate it.
2) Primers (short strands of DNA used to target specific regions of DNA for replication) are added, which hybridize with the strands
3) DNA polymerase and free nucleotides are added to rebuild each of the separated strands.
How many times is PCR testing repeated
25 to 30 times
PCR technology cannot be applied to…
RFLP DNA typing.
PCR is best used with DNA strands that are…
No longer than a couple of hundred bases.
With STR, as little as _____ ________ of DNA is required for analysis
125 picograms
RFLP analysis normally needs ____ _____ more DNA than STR analysis
100 times
Mitochondria are structures found in all our cells used to provide ______ that our bodies needs to function.
energy/ATP
Blood based evidence cannot be stored in…
Plastic or Air tight containers
How do you collect dried blood
with a swab of distilled water, which is then placed in a swab box, Malila folder or envelope
Standard/reference DNA specimens must also be collected with a…
buccal swab
The type of DNA testing most commonly used in DNA fingerprinting is…
STR
A human chromosome is made of ___________ strands of DNA
2
After extracting DNA from a source, the next step is to ______ the sample using restriction enzymes.
Cut
The analysis of chromosomes, which was originally developed by geneticists, is known as…
karyotyping
Genetic information is stored in molecules of DNA making up structures called…
chromosomes
In the nucleus of most human body cells, there are ____ pairs of chromosomes
23
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene is:
An Allele
DNA sequences which code for proteins that determine inherited characteristics or traits are:
genes
Total amount of DNA in a cell, contained in chromosomes and mitochondria, is called the human:
genome
The DNA in chromosomes contains approximately ____ base pairs
3 billion
DNA sequences with a high degree of polymorphism are…
most useful for DNA analysis
DNA stands for…
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the complementary strand to the DNA sequence AATTGCG
TTAACGC
The bonds that form between complementary bases are called…
hydrogen bonds
The bonds that form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another are called…
covalent bonds
____ ___________ links individual nucleotides into DNA molecules
DNA polymerase
Which of the following is not a role of DNA?
Storing information
Copying information
Editing information
Transmitting information
Editing information
The enzyme that unzips DNA during replication is called…
Helicase
If the percentage of A bases is 40 percent, what is the percentage of C bases?
10
