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Forensics > Serology > Flashcards

Serology Flashcards

1
Q

Serology is the study of

A

body fluids and stains at a crime scene

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2
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, they transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, protects body from foreign substances

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5
Q

thrombocytes

A

responsible for blood clotting, platelets

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6
Q

serum

A

fluid remains after blood clotted

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7
Q

In 1901

A

Karl Landsteiner discovered all human blood wasn’t exactly the same

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8
Q

for every antigen

A

there is a specific antibody

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9
Q

antibodies

A

proteins found in plasma/ serum that neutralizes specific antigens

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10
Q

antiserum

A

serum containing one type of antibody

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11
Q

antiserum: when complementary antibodies attach to

A

antigens, they create networks of linked cells, appear clumping (agglutination) not clotting

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12
Q

more than __

A

15 blood antigen systems

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13
Q

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test

A

First step, reacts with hemoglobin

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14
Q

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test- Kastle-Meyer test

A

Second Step, produces a bright pink

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15
Q

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test- Hemastix strips

A

produces green

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16
Q

Characterizing Blood: Luminol produces

A

light when reacting with the iron in hemoglobin, even dilute traces of blood

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17
Q

Characterizing Blood: Microscopic Examination

A

Third Step, used to look for real blood cells

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18
Q

In order to tell if the blood is human: precipitin test and then

A

uses antiserum to test for human blood proteins

After, microscopic examination can identify differences in red blood cells

19
Q

parents transmit information about traits to their offspring using

A

gametes or sex cells (females- egg cells [ovum] male- spirm cells)

20
Q

each individual has

A

2 genes for each trait

21
Q

if 2 genes you inherit are same

A

homozygous

22
Q

if 2 genes you inherit are different

A

heterozygous

23
Q

different forms of a gene are

A

alleles

24
Q

genotype

A

individuals genes (alleles)

25
Q

physical appearance results from

A

alleles is phenotype

26
Q

not all alleles

A

get expressed

27
Q

A Type

A

I^A I^A or I^Ai

28
Q

B Type

A

I^B I^B or I^Bi

29
Q

AB Type

A

I^A I^B

30
Q

O Type

A

ii

31
Q

bloodstain patterns

A

can provide the “what, when, how” of a crime and allows reconstruction of events

32
Q

What can be learned through bloodstains? Origins of Blood

A

Approx. distance between source and target surface

estimated time that has elapsed

33
Q

What can be learned through bloodstains? Type and Direction of Impact

A

approx. speed of droplets impact
approx. direction the blood droplets where traveling when they impacted the surface
direction in which a weapon may be swinging

34
Q

What can be learned through bloodstains? position of victim or perpetrator

A

position of victim or suspect

35
Q

What can be learned through bloodstains? Movement and direction after initial assault

A

direction where blood trailed after impact
whether blood was wiped or smeared
movement of an individual between focal points (walking, running while bleeding)

36
Q

3 categories of blood

A

passive blood patterns
projected blood patterns
transfer/contact blood patterns

37
Q

3 categories of blood; passive blood patterns

A

created with the force of gravity
dripping blood viscosity 4x thicker than water
drip stain will not change size after reaching terminal

38
Q

3 categories of blood; projected blood patterns

A

occurs when a force is applied
low-velocity- impact splatters, dripping, 4mm or more diameter
medium-velocity- weapon cast off, repetitive drop, explosives
high velocity- gun shot, explosives, droplets are highly scattered and less than 2mm

39
Q

3 categories of blood; transfer/contact blood patterns

A

created when a bloody object contacts a large surface
gives clues about type and/or movement of an object
wipe/smudge- when a clean object moves through wet blood
swipe/smear- when bloody object moves across a clean surface

40
Q

collection- liquid blood; pools and drops

A

try to collect before coagulation
suck it up with a syringe or pipette
cotton swab or gauze

41
Q

collection- liquid blood; drawn blood from a living person

A

one tube with EDTA (anticoagulant)
one tube without
refrigerate

42
Q

Collection-bloodstains

A

wet items are air dried then put into paper containers

dry stains that can be brought to lab, scrape onto paper and transfer to moistened cotton/ gauze

43
Q

bodily fluids

A

sweat, saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions
all of these can be useful if they contain enough cells to produce a DNA sample or for detection of drugs and can be used to reconstruct events

Forensics (10 decks)

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