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IMMUNOSERO LEC > Serologic reactions > Flashcards

Serologic reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Contaminated equipment or
reagents may cause particles
to clump.

A

False positive

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2
Q

Autoagglutination: causes what reaction

A

False-positive

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3
Q

Delay in reading slide reactions results in drying out of mixture.

A

false positive

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4
Q

Overcentrifugation causes
cells or particles to clump too
tightly.

A

False positive

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5
Q

Type of reaction:
Inadequate washing of red blood cells in antihuman globulin (AHG) testing* may result in unbound immunoglobulins neutralizing the reagent.

A

False negative reaction

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6
Q

Failure to add AHG reagent

A

False negative

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7
Q

Type of reaction: Contaminated or expired reagents

A

False negative

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8
Q

Type of reaction: Improper incubation

A

False negative

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9
Q

Type of reaction:Delay in reading slide reactions

A

false negative

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10
Q

Undercentrifugation

A

false negative

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11
Q

Type of reaction: Prozone phenomenon

A

false negative

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12
Q

Particulate antigens such as red cell aggregate to form large complexes when a specific antibody is present

A

Agglutination

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13
Q

Combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

A

Precipitation

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14
Q

Overall strength of antigen-antibody binding and is the sum of the affinities of all the individual antigen-antibody combining gsite

A

Avidity

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15
Q

Initial force of attraction that exists between single Fab site of antibody molecule and single epitope or determinant on
corresponding antigen

A

Affinity

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16
Q

Antibodies capable of reacting with antigens resembling the original phenomenon
Resembles the original antigen, stronger the bond will be between the antigen and binding site
Describes detection of a substrate other than analyte of interest
It is typically observed as a false-positive results.

A

Cross reactivity

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17
Q

Zone of antibody excess
Abs conc greater than the conc of antigen

A

Prozone

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18
Q

High abs concentration in an unknown sample such as patient serum causes ____ reaction

A

false negative

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19
Q

Number of multivalent sites of antigen and antibody are equal

A

Zone of equivalence

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20
Q

Precipitation is the result of random, reversible reactions, forming a stable network or _______

A

Lattice

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21
Q

Zone of antigen excess

A

post zone

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22
Q

Type of agglutination

Widely used for bacterial agents:

Widal Test: S. typhii for detection of typhoid fever

Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antibody to a natural antigen

A

Direct Agglutination

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23
Q

Reaction seen in ABO blood group typing of RBCs

A

Hemagglutination

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24
Q

Microhemaagglutination assay for Treponema Pallidum

A

MHA-TP

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25
Q

This test uses fluorescein isothiocyanate requires a fluorescent labeled-immunoglobulin to detect antigens or antibodies according to test systems

Herpes Virus IgM
Dengue Virus
Rabies Virus
Scrub and Murine Typhus

A

Immunofluorescence

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26
Q

cells in suspension are labeled with
fluorescent tag

A

Flow Cytometry

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27
Q

radioactively labelled-antibody (or antigen) competes with the patient’s unlabeled antibody (or antigen) for
binding sites on a known amount of antigen (or antibody)

HBsAg, Thyroid Function Test

A

Radio-Immunoassays

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28
Q

use of enzyme-labeled immunoglobulinto
detect antigens or antibodies

signals are developed by the action of
hydrolyzing enzyme on chromogenic
substrate

optical density measured by micro-plate
reader

A

Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay

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29
Q

Antigen or antibody are labeled
with enzyme and allowed to
compete with unlabeled ones (in
patient serum) for binding to the
same target

A

Competitive ELISA

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30
Q

Test that must remove excess/unbound Ag or Ab before every step of reactions

A

Non-competitive ELISA

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31
Q

Process for the quantitative and qualitative determination of antigens, antibodies and their complexes

A

Chemiluminescent Immunoenzymatic Assay

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32
Q

involves combining soluble antigen with soluble
antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are
visible

A

Precipitation

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33
Q

Soluble Antigen + Antibody (in proper
proportions) → Visible Precipitate

A

Precipitation

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34
Q

(antigen binds with Fab sites of 2 antibodies)

A

Lattice Formation

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35
Q

antibody is incorporated into the agar gel as it is poured and different dilutions of the antigen are placed in holes punched into the agar

ring of precipitation is formed

A

Radial Immunodiffusion (Mancini)

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36
Q

used more often

Ag and Abs allowed to diffuse towards each other in an agar medium

thin line of precipitate

A

Double Immunodiffusion by Ouchterlony

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37
Q

Diffusion Patterns: serologic identity / presence of common epitope

A

Fusion of Lines at their junction to form an Arc S

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38
Q

Diffusion Patterns: demonstrates 2 separate reactions

compared antigens shared no
common epitopes

A

Crossed lines

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39
Q

Diffusion Patterns: partial identity

A

Fusion of 2 lines with Spur

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40
Q

precipitate at junction

layering of antigen solution over a column
of antiserum in a narrow tube

A

Ring test

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41
Q

grouping of streptococci by lancefield test

A

Ascoli’s Thermoprecipitin Test

42
Q

Used only when Ag and Ab have opposite charges

A

Counter Immunoelectrophoresis

43
Q

Pairs of wells are punched in agarose plates in
which Ag is placed in one well of each pair and
Ab in the other

A

Counter Immunoelectrophoresis

44
Q

Reactions occur between migrating Ags and Abs

A

Counter Immunoelectrophoresis

45
Q

precipitin lines will be visible between the wells of a pari of wells of matching specificity

A

Counter Immunoelectrophoresis

46
Q

Antigen is electrophoresed into gel containing
antibody

Also known as rocket shape

A

Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

47
Q

The total distance of Ag migration and precipitation is directly proportional to Ag concentration

A

Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

48
Q

Polar antigen (miscible in
water/hydrophilic)

A

SOLUBLE ANTIGEN

49
Q

– Nonpolar antigen (immiscible in
water/hydrophobic)

A

PARTICULATE ANTIGEN

50
Q

Insoluble in nature
 Ex. Bacterial antigen, RBC membrane
antigen (ABO)

A

Neutral particulate

51
Q

Soluble in nature,
but a carrier is added to make it insoluble (Promotes
insolubilization of soluble antigen)

A

Artificial particulate

52
Q

Reaction of Ouidin test; SINGLE DIFFUSION, SINGLE DIMENSION

A

(+) Precipitin line/band forms

53
Q

SINGLE DIFFUSION, DOUBLE DIMENSION; Radial Immunodiffusion reaction

A

(+) Precipitin zone - Diameter of the pptn line is directly proportional to the concentration of the target antigen

54
Q

Kinetic diffusion

A

Fahey method

55
Q

End point diffusion

A

Mancini method

56
Q

Longer incubation & cold/room temp

A

IgM

57
Q

Shorter incubation & warm temp

A

IgG

58
Q

agar with antibody is added into the test tube to solidify

A

Double diffusion, single dimension: Oakley Fulthorpe

59
Q

bottom layer of oakley

A

Agar with antibody

60
Q

top layer of oakley

A

serum of patient with soluble antigen

61
Q

Ouchterlony technique: Ag in the sample is similar with known Ag

A

Smooth curve

62
Q

Ouchterlony technique: Ag in sample is partially similar with known Ag

A

Spur formation

63
Q

Ouchterlony technique: Ag in the sample different with known Ag

A

Intersects Double spur formation

64
Q

Anti-human IgH (AHG) is added to cross bridge IgG incomplete antibodies to demonstrate Lattice formation

A

Indirect Agglutination

65
Q

soluble Ag (reagent) is artificially attached to a particulate carrier to detect Ab

A

PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

66
Q

Homologous Ag inhibits agglutination of Ag coated particle

A

Agglutination inhibition

67
Q

(+) for agglutination inhibition

A

No agglutination/inhibition of agglutination

68
Q

Agglutination of rbc due to ab, viruses, bacteria, or other biological substances

A

Hemagglutination

69
Q

not the antigen of RBC but the artificially attached Ag (after undergoing tx) that are made to react with the Ab

A

Hemagglutination

70
Q

Bacteria (Bacteria cell) serves as the carrier for Ab to detect Ag

A

Coagglutination

71
Q

TPCF (Treponema Pallidum Complement-Fixation) positive reaction

A

no hemolysis on indicatior

72
Q

A type of label that emits radioactivity
 Radioactivity is measured using a Gamma
counter / Scintillating counter

 Ex.: Carbon 14, Radioactive iodine

A

Istotopic labels

73
Q

Do not emit radioactivity

A

Non-isotopic labels

74
Q

Any substance that will complex to another substance;
substance to be measured

A

ligand

75
Q

A substance that is added to a reagent to facilitate the visualization/demonstration of a reaction and measurement of a reaction

A

label

76
Q

The greater the fluorescent light emission,
the higher the concentration of the target antigen or antibody being detected in the serum.

A

Fluorescence

77
Q

FLUORESCENT PROBES USED: Emits green fluorescent light

A

FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate)

78
Q

FLUORESCENT PROBES USED: emits red fluorescent

A

Phycocyanin
Texas Red

79
Q

Fluorescent probe: red-orange fluorescent light

A

Tetramethyl rhodamine

80
Q

antigen is the target in the serum, while the
antibody is labeled/reagent

targets antigen

A

Direct/Single Layer Immunofluorescent Assay

81
Q

antigen is one of the reagents, while the antibody is the target in the serum, and AHG is the reagent with label

A

Indirect/Double Layer Immunofluorescent Assay

82
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

131 – Iodine 131
I125 – Iodine 125
H3 – Hydrogen 3
C14 – Carbon 14

83
Q

The labeled reactant in the reagent competes with
the unlabeled reactant in the sample/serum to the limited binding site of the antibody in the reagent

A

Competitive

84
Q

Used to measure antigen-specific IgE (type 1 hypersensitivity)

A

RAST Radioallergosorbent test

85
Q

Used to measure
the total serum IgE (type 1 hypersensitivity)

A

RIST (Radioimmunosorbent test)

86
Q

ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY end reaction

A

Colorimetric reaction – Chromogenic substrate is
used

87
Q

most commonly used enzyme reagent prepared from calf intestines

A

ALP

88
Q

Commonly used enzyme from horseradisnh

A

Horseradish peroxidase

89
Q

Enzymes used for immunoassays

A

Glucose oxidase
B-galactosidase
ALP
Horseradish Peroxidase

90
Q

The antigen is the target in the serum, while the antibody is labeled with enzyme

A

Direct

91
Q

Antigen is part of the reagent, antibody is the target in the serum, AHG is labeled with enzyme

A

Indirect

92
Q

Two antibodies are used. One antibody is attached to a solid phase, while the other antibody is used as the label (AHG) to capture a
specific antigen

A

Sandwich/Double Ab/ Antigen capture technique

93
Q

The labeled reactant in the reagent competes with the unlabeled reactant in the sample/serum to the limited binding site of the antibody in the reagent

A

Competitive binding

94
Q

Enzyme Inhibition: reverse colorimetric reaction

A

No color reaction

95
Q

True or False: Lighter colors indicate higher levels of antibody/antigen in ELISA plate

A

False: Darker color

96
Q

Uses colloidal particles in a liquid consisting of metal or insoluble metal compound as label

A

Sol Particle immunoassay

97
Q

Best because this is the only metallic/colloidal particle that produces magenta colored product when reacted in aqueous solution

A

Gold

98
Q

Substitute for Gold for Sol Particle Immunoassay

A

Silver

99
Q

Colloidal Particles used

A

Gold
Silver
Silver Iodide
Barium Sulfate

100
Q

Examples of Chemiluminiscent Immunoassay

A

Luminol, Acridinium phosphate ester

IMMUNOSERO LEC (3 decks)

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