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EAS 205 > Sept 7 Lecture (Intro) > Flashcards

Sept 7 Lecture (Intro) Flashcards

1
Q

atoms are made up of:

A

neutrons
protons
electrons

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2
Q

the nucleus of an atom consists of

A

protons (+)

neutrons (charge 0)

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3
Q

define an element

A

substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons

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4
Q

define isotope

A

number of neutrons for any element may not be the same; variable # of neutrons possible

  • some isotopes have more neutrons= heavier (eg C-14)
  • some have fewer neutrons= lighter (eg C-12)
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5
Q

atomic mass number=

A

or protons + neutrons in nucleus

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of isotopes?

A
  1. stable isotopes

2. unstable (radioactive) isotopes

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7
Q

stable isotopes are used for:

A

fingerprinting, tracking pollutants, determining past temps, etc

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8
Q

unstable/ radioacitve isotopes are using in:

A

dating rocks, tracking enviro/ med processes, nuclear waste

- medical isotope= tC-99

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9
Q

an ion is:

A

an atom that is + charged or - charged (atoms can gain or lose e-)

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10
Q

define anion vs cation

A 
anion= has gained e- (more e- relative to p+)
cation= has lost e- (fewer e- relative to p+)
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11
Q

define compound

A

mixtures of 2 or more chemical elements in fixed proportions that have distinctive physical properties
- elements will bond b/c of electrical attraction, forming ionic bonds
OR
- the atoms may share e-, forming covalent bonds

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12
Q

cosmic/ solar abundances=

A

concentration of elements in our solar system in proportion to hydrogen

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13
Q

define minerals

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid elements or compound w/ a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure
*does not include anything man-made

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14
Q

minerals can form in 3 ways:

A
  1. Crystalization from a magma= as the magma cools, minerals begin to form
  2. crystal growth in the solid state= minerals can change after initial nucleation
  3. precipitation from solution= when a state of supersaturation is reached
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15
Q

the structure of a mineral is determined by:

*there are ___ways to arrange things in an open space according to math

A

how the anions are arranged and how the cations fit b/w them (diff sizes)

*216

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16
Q

define polymorphs and give ex

A

minerals w/ the same chemical composition, but diff structure
eg graphite vs diamond

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17
Q

explain the silicate group of minerals

A

variety of compounds based on silicon and oxygen

  • quartz= glass manufacturing, clays for drilling mud etc
    structures: tetrahedra, single & double chains, sheet, framework
18
Q

asbestos

A

a crystal structure (silicate group) with useful properties: woven into fire resistant cloth- BUT lung cancer if breath in the fibres

19
Q

mineral composition: list the nonsilicates

A
  • carbonates (CO3): useful for building materials/ manufacturing
  • sulfates (SO4)- useful for building materials
  • sulfides- host for many metallic ores
  • oxides - any metal combined with oxygen (iron & aluminum ores)
  • native elements : minerals composed of single element (eg carbon as diamond and graphite, copper, gold, silver, platinum)
20
Q

___ in groundwater in edmonton cause basement foundation cracks!

A

sulfates

21
Q

define rocks

A

a cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals, which are held firmly together in a solid mass

22
Q

list the 3 types of rocks

A
  1. igneous
  2. sedimentary
  3. metamorphic
23
Q

define igneous rock

A

= melting of rocks in hot, deep crust and upper mantle

  • formed by crystallization (solidification of magma)
  • can occur slowly (beneath surface)= plutonic/ intrusive rock
  • can occur quickly (comes to surface)= lava –> volcanic or extrusive
24
Q

define sedimentary rock

A

weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at surface

  • deposition, burial, lithification
  • composed of compacted/ cemented grains which have become lithified
25
Q

what are the 2 types of sedimentary rock? Define both

A
  1. Clastic sedimentary rock= formed from the products of the mechanical weathering of pre-existing rocks. The detritus are then transported by water/ ice/ wind to accumulate as sediments in streams/ soil/ etc
  2. chemical sedimentary rock= derive from the precipitation of minerals from supersaturated solutions
26
Q

define metamorphic rock

A

= rocks under high temps and pressures in deep crust and upper mantle

  • recrystallization in solid state of new minerals
  • formed through recrystallization of a pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rock
  • when hot magma rises to surface: heats adjacent cooler rocks: those rocks are then transformed through contact metamorphism
  • regional metamorphism=when a rock is buried deep into the crust, the elevated pressures and temp causes it to metamorphize
27
Q

rock cycle simple definition

A

a set of geological processes by which all of the 3 main rock types are interrelated

28
Q

explain the rock cycle

A
  1. new rock formed through crystallization of a magma. This igneous rock is exposed at surface (eruption or uplifted through tectonic activity)
  2. The igneous rock is exposed at earth’s surface, and slowly becomes weathered/ eroded to form both soluble components and suspended material in streams
  3. sediments transported downstream (some reach ocean). Deposited as layers of sand/ silt/ clay/ chemical sediments
  4. these sediments become buried and lithified. Then can be uplifted and exposed to weathering again (on land), or can become deeply buried and metamorphosed.
  5. some of the sediments become subducted into the crust, where they’re re-melted to form magma
29
Q

the ____, ___, and ___ all participate in key steps of the rock cycle

A

atmosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere

30
Q

earth’s surface + volcanic gas = ___ +____+ ____

A

sediments
oceans
atmosphere

31
Q

define continental drift

A

the continents have moved and rotated over geological time

32
Q

5 pieces of evidence for continental drift:

A
  1. similarity of coastlines of africa and south america
  2. glaciation on places now located in tropics
  3. desert sands in areas that now have moist, temperate climates
  4. remains of tropical plants in Antarctica
  5. fossil remains of plants and animals that lived in restricted areas but are now widely spread geographically
33
Q

____ idea of continetal drift was rejected by geological community in 1930s, but it was revived in the 50s/ 60s

A

Wegener’s

34
Q

define paleomagnetism

A

the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth’s magnetic field at the time of their formation

35
Q

___ and ___ rocks are rich in ferromagnesian minerals.

A

gabbro and basalt

36
Q

why are magmas not magnetic?

A

most Fe bearing minerals are weakly magnetic at surface temps, but lose their magnetism at high temps.
As magmas cool below curie point though, the Fe bearing minerals align along the earth’s magnetic field (N-S). They retain their paleomagnetism unless reheated

37
Q

the lines of earth’s magnetic field run __ to __ and vary in dip with ___

A

N to S

latitude

38
Q

when orientation of magnetic minerals in a rock is determined in 3D, it’s possible to determine both direction of magnetic north, and magnetic latitude. explain what this means

A

ie it’s possible to determine how far removed the region where the rock was collected was from magnetic N at the time it attained its magnetic orientation

39
Q

why can it appear that magnetic poles have moved through time?
- what do we know now?

A
  • b/c magnetized rocks of diff ages on a single continent may point to diff apparent pole positions (assuming continents have not moved)
  • we now know that the poles have remained stationary, and the continents have moved through time
40
Q

~200 years ago, there was a single, large continent named “___”
- this then broke up into the modern continents

A

pangaea

EAS 205 (19 decks)

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