Separation and Traffic Services Flashcards

1
Q

Below what altitude may pilots be assigned responsibility for separation? What is the pilot’s responsibility?

A

You may only assign responsibility for visual separation to a pilot when:
a) aircraft are operating at or below 10 000 FT; and
b) the pilot of one aircraft:
i) reports sighting the other aircraft; and
ii) accepts responsibility to maintain visual separation with, pass behind or follow that aircraft.

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2
Q

When applying visual separation what must you do if there is doubt as to the pilot’s ability to keep the other aircraft in sight?

A

Issue an alternative instruction to provide separation if there is any doubt as to the pilot’s ability to keep the other aircraft in sight or maintain separation.

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3
Q

List four possible limitations to a pilot’s ability to comply with instructions?

A

a) the field of vision from the cockpit;
b) the contrast of aircraft with the background against which it will appear;
c) glare of the sun; and
d) restrictions on atmospheric visibility which may not be currently apparent to the pilot e.g. loss of forward visibility following descent into a haze layer.

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4
Q

What traffic information should be given to aircraft when passing Directed Traffic Information?

A

a) aircraft identification;
b) type, and description if unfamiliar;
c) position information;
d) estimated time of passing or closest point of approach;
e) direction of flight or route of aircraft;
f) level;
g) intentions of the pilot, such as:
i) initial departure track and intended cruising level; and
ii) inbound track or direction, level and next estimate; and
h) advice that an aircraft is not yet on the appropriate frequency.

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5
Q

What is the definition of a “State Aircraft”?

A

An aircraft of any part of the Defence Force (including any aircraft that is commanded by a member of that force in the course of his/her duties as such a member) and aircraft used in the military, Customs, or Police services of a foreign country

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6
Q

Identify if the following levels should be
assigned to aircraft travelling east or west.

FL120
A090
FL230
FL430
FL450
A080

A

FL120 West
A090 East
FL230 East
FL430 West
FL450 East
A080 West

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7
Q

Which Flight Levels are not available when the Area QNH is 993 HPA?

A

FL110, FL115

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8
Q

At which altitude must aircraft operating in the Australian FIR change to QNH 1013.2 HPA?

A

A100
(10,000ft)

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9
Q

What circumstances would warrant the issue of a SAFETY ALERT?

A

Unless the pilot has advised that action is being taken to resolve the situation or that the other aircraft is in sight, issue a safety alert prefixed by the phrase ‘SAFETY ALERT’ when you become aware that an aircraft is in a situation that places it in unsafe proximity to:
a) terrain;
b) obstruction;
c) active restricted or prohibited areas; or
d) other aircraft.

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10
Q

When may you discontinue issuing a SAFETY ALERT?

A

You may discontinue issuing further safety alerts or traffic avoidance advice when the pilot advises action is being taken to resolve the situation or has reported the other aircraft in sight.

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11
Q

In what classes of airspace may safety alerts be issued?

A

All classes

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12
Q

When is the prefix “Suggest” used when issuing collision avoidance advice for aircraft in close proximity?

A

Prefix advice to turn or change level with ‘SUGGEST’ unless the advice is for controlled flights with reference to other controlled flights

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13
Q

What is expected of the controller upon becoming aware of information such that it would be reasonable to conclude that an unsafe situation has occurred, or may occur?

A

Provide a Safety Alert

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14
Q

To which organisation must messages from Customs Surveillance Flights be passed?

A

AMSOC, Australian Maritime Security Operations Centre

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15
Q

What is the name of the message sent to AMSOC?

A

SURVEREP, Surveillance Report

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16
Q

What is a holding procedure?

A

A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.

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17
Q

What is a holding fix?

A

A geographic location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure.

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18
Q

Does a holding instruction impose a clearance limit on an aircraft?

A

Yes

19
Q

When do you not have to describe a holding pattern at a clearance limit to a pilot?

A

When the holding pattern is published in the applicable Aeronautical Information Publications

20
Q

When a clearance limit is cancelled, this includes a cancellation of holding, what must be issued to the aircraft?

A

Onwards Clearance

21
Q

What are the 5 elements of assuring separation?

A

SIPEM

Scan and assess traffic
Identify conflicts
Plan to ensure separation
Execute the plan
Monitor the situation to ensure the standard is not infringed

22
Q

For the purposes of longitudinal separation how are same/opposite direction tracks defined?

A

Reciprocal and same tracks are those tracks that intercept at less than 45 degrees

23
Q

When applying lateral separation what should be used in preference to manual plotting methods?

A

Apply lateral separation using authorised:
a) lateral separation diagrams;
b) tables; or
c) lateral conflict tools.

24
Q

What are the three entry procedure types for holding patterns?

A

Direct, Parallel, Offset

25
Q

What is vectoring and why is it used?

A

Vectoring refers to the provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on the use of an ATS surveillance system.

Used to facilitate sequencing in and out of aerodromes, prevent potential conflicts, and assist pilot navigation

26
Q

What is ATC responsibility for aircraft operating with due regard?

A

ATC is not responsible for ATS to due regard aircraft, or separation between due regard aircraft and other aircraft.

27
Q

What is Surveillance Information Service, and to whom is it provided?

A

An on request service to assist pilots of VFR flights (within ATS surveillance system coverage in Class E and G) to avoid other aircraft or assist in navigation

Provides a snapshot service to VFR pilots, subject to ATC workload

28
Q

List some warning codes displayed on ASD

A

STCA – short term conflict alert
MSAW – minimum safe altitude warning
DAIW – danger area infringement
CLAM – cleared level adherence monitor
RAM – route adherence monitor

29
Q

What is the format guide for issuing SAFETY ALERTs or AVOIDING ACTIONs?

A

TRUCT

Trigger – this is the trigger word. AVOIDING ACTION or SAFETY ALERT
Resolve – what does the aircraft have to do? Level change or turn
Urgency – IMMEDIATELY. Tone of voice.
Confirm – Obtain readback
Traffic – TRAFFIC IS… (i.e. what is the issue?)

30
Q

What is a TCAS TA, and what are ATC/pilot responsibilities?

A

Traffic Collision Avoidance System – Traffic Advisory
Continue to separate all traffic. Pilot should not manoeuvre aircraft in response to traffic advisory only.

31
Q

What is a TCAS RA, and what are ATC/pilot responsibilities?

A

Traffic Collision Avoidance System – Resolution Advisory
Pilot must follow these instructions. ATC acknowledge with “[callsign] ROGER” and wait for pilot to report clear. Do not provide instructions until this moment

32
Q

What is to be included in Directed Traffic Information?

A

Aircraft identification
Type and description, if unfamiliar
Position information
Estimated time of passing, or closest point of approach
Direction of flight or aircraft route
Level
Intentions of pilot
Advice that an aircraft is not yet on the appropriate frequency

33
Q

To whom does ATC provide Directed Traffic Information?

A

To IFR aircraft regarding other IFR aircraft in Class G airspace

To IFR aircraft regarding VFR aircraft, and to VFR aircraft regarding IFR/VFR aircraft in Class D airspace

34
Q

When does ATC provide Directed Traffic Information?

A

When requested by pilots
Upon pilot notification of intention to change level and/or track
Upon pilot notification of either taxi or airborne or departure (whichever is first)
You become aware of relevant traffic

35
Q

When does ATC cease provision of Directed Traffic Information?

A

Pilots report changing to CTAF
Military pilots report ceasing guard on ATS frequencies
Pilot cancels SARWATCH

36
Q

What does NOCOM refer to?

A

Non-continuous communication. Used by military pilots conducting Low Level Operations

37
Q

What is ATC responsibility regarding Low Level Military Operations?

A

Depending on your workload, you can broadcast the intentions of military aircraft on the appropriate frequencies, prior to those aircraft crossing the frequency area.

Broadcast the progress of Military Low Jets (MLJ) wherever practical.

Use actual planned levels in broadcasts e.g. 350 AGL (above ground level), or refer to the flight as LOW LEVEL MILITARY OPERATIONS

38
Q

What are some techniques used to assure separation?

A

Amended route or vectoring (change of track)
Adjust speed
Holding
Issue restrictions to reach a level by a time/place/distance, or depart or set course at a specified time

39
Q

What must be included in an airways clearance?

A

Aircraft identification
Destination, area of operation, position, or clearance limit
Route of flight
Assigned level (except when this is included in SID description)

40
Q

What are the four types of separation utilised by ATC?

A

Longitudinal
* Used between aircraft on same or reciprocal tracks (those that intercept at less than 45 degrees)
* may be based on time interval that exists between aircraft (10 minutes), or a prescribed minimum distance between them based on a common point

Lateral
* Used between aircraft on crossing tracks (those that intercept between 45 and 135 degrees), and for aircraft on different, non-intersecting tracks at the same height to maintain a safe separation distance.
* Requires ATC to calculate Basic Lateral Separation Point (BLSP) between aircraft, and separate using the standard of 1NM between possible positions of the two aircraft

Vertical
* Standard separation is 1000ft.
* Above FL290, separation is 2000ft however in cases of RVSM (reduced vertical separation minima) this can be reduced to 1000ft. RVSM can be imposed between FL290 and FL410 inclusive

Visual
* can be assigned to pilots below 10,000ft, based on the pilot’s ability to see other aircraft in the vicinity.
* It can only be assigned once confirmed that the pilot has sighted all aircraft around them, and will accept responsibility for separation

41
Q

What is a VOR?

A

VHF Omni-Directional Range. Gives azimuth.

42
Q

What is a DME?

A

Direction Measuring Equipment. Gives slant distance between aircraft and ground station.

Sends signal to ground station, determines distance by the time taken to receive the signal back.

43
Q

What is an NDB?

A

Non-directional beacon. NDB bearings provide a charted, consistent method for defining paths aircraft can fly.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) points to signal received by NDB.

44
Q

What is the maximum allowable difference between adjoining Area QNHs?

A

5hPa