Sentences [331 - 340]

Question 1

331
After an …………. of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs ……….. the night skies of Yellowstone National Park.

Answer 1

absence

beneath

Question 2

331
At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were released from ….. acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone National Park.

Answer 2

fenced

Question 3

331
At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were …….. from fenced ….. pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone National Park.

Answer 3

released
acclimation
—————

acclimate
= acclimatize ( also acclimatise British English ) / əˈklaɪmətaɪz / ( also ac‧cli‧mate / əˈklaɪmət $ ˈækləmeɪt/
= to adapt (someone) to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment, or situation

> > > They had to acclimate themselves to an urban lifestyle.

> > > ## slowly becoming acclimated to a new environmentpen = a small piece of land enclosed by a fence to keep farm animals in :
a sheep pen

Question 4

331
The wolf release plan, …………. in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to ………. wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by …………. experimental populations of gray wolves in both areas.

Answer 4

involved
restore
establishing (?)
—————————
restore =
to make something return to its former state or condition
+ restore something to something
»> The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.
»> The National Guard was called in to restore order (= make people stop fighting and breaking the law ) when riots broke out.
»> initiatives to “restore peace” in the Middle East

Question 5

331
The goal for Yellowstone is to ……… 10 packs wolves reproducing in the area for three ………. years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to ………. all native species and their natural interactions with their environment.

Answer 5

establish
consecutive
perpetuate
————
perpetuate / pəˈpetʃueɪt $ pər- / verb [ transitive ]
نهادينه كردن – جاودان كردن – پايدار ساختن
to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time :
»> an education system that perpetuates the divisions in our society

Question 6

331
Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in ……… with national park goals to perpetuate all native species and their natural …………. with their environment.

Answer 6

keeping

interactions

Question 7

331
As with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes ………… human impact on natural animal population dynamics. Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife ……… in the United States.

Answer 7

minimizing
refuge
——————
= a place that provides shelter, or protection from danger :
»> a wildlife refuge
+ refuge from
»> A huge oak tree provided a refuge from the storm.

Question 8

332
……… early year’s education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in …… employment. International studies ……… ……… that countries with greater …….. rates in publicly funded or provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although ……. causal relationships is complex.

Answer 8

Affordable 
paid 
have found 
enrolment 
untangling 
---------------------

Question 9

332
From the point of view of the ………. , additional income, especially for the less ……, is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty ……. ……….. ……… to be a key independent determinant of children’s outcomes.

(outcome = result)

Answer 9

household
well-off
has been shown
———
determinant / dɪˈtɜːmɪnənt $ -ɜːr- / noun [ countable ]
معيار - شاخص - تعيين كننده
(formal)
something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave
determinant of
»> Social class is a major determinant of consumer spending patterns.

Question 10

332
From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers ……… employment they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues …… income tax.

Answer 10

enter

through

Question 11

332
From the point of view of the public ……, as mothers enter ………. they are likely to ………. fewer benefits and to generate extra ……… through income tax.

Answer 11

purse
employment 
claim 
revenues 
---------------

money that the government receives from tax :
»> an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%

Question 12

332
From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself associated with better ………….. for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent determinant of children’s …………… .

Answer 12

outcomes

outcomes

Question 13

333

You can study ……… . Obviously, some places are ……….. than others.

Answer 13

anywhere

better

Question 14

333
Libraries, study ………. or private rooms are best. Above all, the places you ……….. to study should not be ……… .

Answer 14

lounges
choose
distracting

Question 15

333
………… can ………. up, and the first thing you know, you’re out of time and out of …… . Make choosing a good physical environment a …….. of your study …… .

Answer 15

Distractions 
build 
luck
part 
habits

Question 16

333

…….. choosing a good ………. environment a part of your study habits.

Answer 16

Make

physical (+ environment )

Question 17

334

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily ………. across the sky. At night the moon ………. .

Answer 17

journey

appeared

Question 18

334
Every new night the moon …… ……. …….. a little and on a few nights it did not appear ……. . At night the great …… of the heavens was dotted with tiny ……… of light. They ………. known as the stars.

Answer 18

waxed or waned 
at all
dome 
specks 
became 
--------------------
to increase and decrease over time : 
>>> Interest in the show has waxed and waned. 

speck / spek / noun [ countable ]
a very small mark, spot, or piece of something
+ speck of
»> a speck of dust

Question 19

334
It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own ……. and that the ………. of the universe could be discovered by ………. a study of them.

Answer 19

purpose
secrets
making

Question 20

334
In was well know that there were …….. stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became known as …….. .

Answer 20

wandering

planets

Question 21

334
It took centuries, in fact it took ……. , for man to ……. the true nature of these wandering stars and to …….. a model of the world to accommodate them and to …….. their positions in the sky.

Answer 21

millennia
determine
evolve
predict

Question 22

335
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally …………. illustration as the “primary ………. of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour ……… less in the face of the drawing.

Answer 22

supplanted
means (جمع نيست - به معني راه و روش)
inhered
———-
supplant / səˈplɑːnt $ səˈplænt / verb [ transitive ]
to take the place of a person or thing so that they are no longer used, no longer in a position of power etc SYN replace :
Barker was soon supplanted as party leader.

> > > Adams, an excellent new pitcher, may supplant Hayes as starting pitcher by the end of the year.
General Salan was supplanted soon after the invasion by General Henri Navarre.
Some would argue that New York has supplanted Paris as the center of new culture.
—————–
inhere / ɪnˈhɪə $ -ˈhɪr / verb
inhere in something
phrasal verb (technical )
to be a natural part of something

Question 23

335
Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have …………. at all, but angles or tilts.

Answer 23

expressions

Question 24

335
The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head cocked at an ……… or coquettish angle; or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the severity like an emperor’s bust ……….. on a Roman coin.

Answer 24

inquisitive

embossed

Question 25

336
Students are increasingly finding it necessary to …… employment in order to …………. their income during their time in higher education. The ………. income helps to pay for necessities, to ……… a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to …… skills for life after university or college.

Answer 25

obtain
subsidize

extra
maintain
gain

Question 26

336
Using a part-time job to cut …. on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the …….. that will be waiting to be paid …….. after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really …….. .

Answer 26

down (cut down on)
debt
off

certain

Question 27

336
Some institutions …….. that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend ……… of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students …….. even fifteen hours a week.

Answer 27

advise
limit
exceed

Question 28

337
In the literary world, it was an ………. assumption that the 1970s was a time of ………. growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian women.

Answer 28

accepted
unprecedented
———

unprecedented / ʌnˈpresədentəd, ʌnˈpresɪdentəd / adjective بي سابقه - بي مانند
never having happened before, or never having happened so much :
»> He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumours were false.
»> Crime has increased on an unprecedented scale.

Question 29

337
But it was ….. ……. recently that a researcher was able to ………… just how many novels were published in that decade, and she found that …… ……… …….. a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women’s novels.

Answer 29

not until
measure
there had been

Question 30

337
It this sort of research- testing ideas about literacy history- that ………. ……….possible with the ……….. of “Digital Humanities”.

Answer 30

is becoming

spread

Question 31

337
The ………. of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up ………. in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitized resources to ……… information together in an accessible way.

Answer 31

intersection 
opportunities  (open up + ...)

bring (bring sth together)

Question 32

337
Transcription software is being developed for tuning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes ……. .

Answer 32

off

Question 33

338
The first ………. pictures were filmed in the 1980s, when film production companies started producing ……… movies.

Answer 33

motion

commercial

Question 34

338
Before that, films used to have one-minute duration. Fortunately, filmmakers figured out how to produce ……. films using ……. shots.

Answer 34

prolonged

several

Question 35

338
Before that, films used to have one-minute duration. Fortunately, filmmakers …… out how to produce prolonged films using several ……. .

Answer 35

figured

shots

Question 36

338
Later, when other innovations such as rotating camera were introduced, the ……… performance of cinematographers changed forever.

Answer 36

overall

Question 37

339
When rain drop cools, it will freeze, turns into ice ……… (or ……….. ), on flat surface, creating an ……. storm.

Answer 37

drops
particles
ice

Question 38

339

It can be so heavy, and shut down the ……… city (or a previous ice storm has shut down an …….. city)

Answer 38

entire

entire

Question 39

339

…….. – ……… rainfall

Answer 39

icy
cold
————-
extremely cold SYN frosty

an icy wind
The bath water was icy cold.

Question 40

340
For non-attendance students, each has [… ] reason, and [……..] a response, need to be treated […….]… For students who feel […….] to sth.

Answer 40

unique
deserve
equally (treat + equally)
embarrassed