Sentences [321 - 330]

Question 1

330
Look at the recent ―Most Respected Companies‖ survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the ………. time?

Answer 1

current

Question 2

330
Rather …………. , they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft ………. have achieved their world class ………… through playing nice.

Answer 2

predictably
both
status

Question 3

330
Wetch is still remembered for the brutal ………… he led his business …………… and for the environmental pollution incidents and …………. .

Answer 3

downsizing 
through 
prosecutions
---------------------
(formal) when you do something that is your job : 
>>> the prosecution of her duties

Question 4

330
Microsoft has had one of the …………. profile cases of bullying market ……….. of recent times - and Gates has been able to ………….. the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.

Answer 4

highest
dominance
achieve

Question 5

321
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes ………… as the …….. of chemical changes that occur within the body.

Answer 5

occur

result

Question 6

321
These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s membrane, causing a …….. to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the ……. of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it ………. through the lungs for usage throughout the body.

Answer 6

signal
storage
passes

Question 7

321

The storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it passes ………. the lungs for usage ……….. the body.

Answer 7

through

throughout

Question 8

322
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make …….. decisions using just two brain cells in ………… that could help engineers design more efficient robots.

Answer 8

complex
findings

(but new research shows (-) in findings that could help engineers)
ادامه ي جمله است در حقيقت

Question 9

322
Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the ……….. of freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusk to tell if it was …….. or not, while another let it know when food was …….. .

Answer 9

heads
hungry
present

Question 10

322
Food-searching is an example of goal-directed behavior, during which an animal must ……….. information about both its ………. environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible.

Answer 10

integrate (+ information)
external
———-
+ if two or more things integrate, or if you integrate them, they combine or work together in a way that makes something more effective
+++ integrate (something) into/with something
»> Colourful illustrations are integrated into the text.
»> Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy.

Question 11

322
Professor George Kemenes, said: “This will eventually help us design the “brains” of robots based on the ……… of using the fewest possible ……… necessary to perform complex tasks. “What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioral decisions and carry them …….. is poorly understood. “Our study …….. for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal’s brain which drives and ……….. complex decision-making tasks.

Answer 11

principle
components

out

reveals
optimizes

Question 12

323
As the economic depression ……. in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in their town, banks began to fail at ……. rates.

Answer 12

deepened

alarming

Question 13

323
After the ……. during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed – 10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 30s. It’s estimated that 4,000 banks ……… during the one year of 1933. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion ……… through bank failures.

Answer 13

crash
failed
disappear

Question 14

324
Crime …….. has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to ………. themselves and those close to them from ……….. and other abuses.

Answer 14

prevention
protect
assaults

Question 15

324
Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice … … … prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to be law …….. and not spend ……….. periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed.

Answer 15

a form of
abiding
extended
———-
abiding / əˈbaɪdɪŋ / adjective [ only before noun ] written
an abiding feeling or belief continues for a long time and is not likely to change SYN lasting :
Phil has a deep and abiding love for his family.

law-abiding adjective
respectful of the law and obeying it :
a law-abiding citizen

Question 16

324
Only a small minority of young people become recidivist ………. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be …… at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses.

Answer 16

offenders
all-pervasive
—————
recidivist / rɪˈsɪdəvəst, rɪˈsɪdɪvəst / noun [ countable ] technical
a criminal who starts doing illegal things again, even after he or she has been punished

grass roots (noun)
the grass roots the ordinary people in an organization, rather than the leaders
— grass roots adjective :
We are hoping for full participation at grass roots level.

Question 17

324
When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and ………. remedies, it is comparatively rare for ……….. to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, …… is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order’ responses.

Answer 17

possible 
them 
emphasis 
----------
pontificate  / pɒntɪfəkeɪt, pɒntɪfɪkeɪt  $  pɑn- /   verb  
[ intransitive ] 

to give your opinion about something in a way that shows you think you are always right
+++ pontificate about/on
»> Politicians are always pontificating about education.

comparatively نسبتا

Question 18

325
Learning from experience plays a major role …… enabling us to do many things that we clearly were not born to do, from the simplest tasks, such as flipping a light switch, to the more complex, such as playing a musical ……. .

Answer 18

in

instrument

Question 19

325
To many people, the term “learning” signifies the ……. that students do reading, listening, and taking tests in order to …… new information. This process, which is known as cognitive learning, is just one type of learning, however.

Answer 19

activities
acquire
——–
signify = to represent, mean, or be a sign of something :
نشان دادن – به معني خاصي بودن – معناي خاصي داشتن
Some tribes use special facial markings to signify status.
The image of the lion signified power and strength.

Question 20

325
This process, which is known as cognitive learning, is just …….. type of learning, however. Another way that we learn is by ……. learning, which is the focus of this module.

Answer 20

one

associative

Question 21

325
You probably ……… ……… holidays with specific sights, sounds, and smells, or foods with specific flavors and textures. We are not the only ……… with this skill even the simplest animals such as the earthworm can learn by association.

Answer 21

associate - certain
species
———-
+++ associate with somebody = to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of :
»> I don’t like these layabouts you’re associating with.

Question 22

326
The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic ……… , commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture ,……. to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and ……….. of the physical or material objects ………. by those societies.

Answer 22

enquiry
seek
observation
generated

Question 23

326
The source material for study is ……….. wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even ……….. body parts (as you saw in the film ‘Encountering a body’).

Answer 23

exceptionally

preserved

Question 24

326
Some specialists in the field of material culture have made …….. claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it ……… supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent.

Answer 24

bold
reigns

+++ reign supreme = if someone or something reigns supreme, they are the most important part of a situation or time :
مهم ترين قسمت بودن
»> It was a time when romance reigned supreme.

Question 25

326
In such cases, objects are all ……. have to …… on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents …… , the physical ……… of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting …….. into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology.

Answer 25

scholars
rely
survive
remains (physical + remains)
insights
————–
a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea
+++ insight into
»> The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.
»> The research provides new insights into the way we process language.

Question 26

326
In analyzing the physical …….. of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to ……… us that objects mean different things to …….. people.

Answer 26

remains
remind
different

Question 27

327
Work-ready international students are providing greater ………. for local employers who are having difficulties finding local staff due to …. employment rates and ….. labor shortages.

Answer 27

options
high
ongoing

Question 28

327
Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local employers who are having difficulties finding local ….. due to high employment ……… and ongoing labor ……. .

Answer 28

staff
rates
shortages

Question 29

327
International students in accounting and information technology ………. part in a year-long program consisting of classroom work and practical experience, which provides them with …….. skills, industry ……… and a working ……… of Australian workplaces.

Answer 29

take
valuable
contacts
knowledge ( working + knowledge)

Question 30

329

The fall of smallpox began with the realization that …….. of the disease were ……… for the rest of their lives.

Answer 30

survivors

immune

Question 31

329
This led to the practice of variolation - a process of ………… a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that ……….. immunity from further infection.

Answer 31

exposing

provided ( + immunity)

Question 32

329
The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700’s, this method of variolation was …….. practice in China, India, and Turkey.

Answer 32

common (+ practice)

Question 33

329
In the late 1700’s European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported “devastating” results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated …….. of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox ……… by 10-fold.

Answer 33

died

fatalities

Question 34

328
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, It is usually ………. as one of the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established as a ……… in the late 18th century (through the work of people like the French writer Auguste Comte).

Answer 34

classed
subject

--------------
class  
verb  [ transitive often passive ] 
  to consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system
=  SYN  classify 
\+++ class somebody/something as something 
>>> Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs.

Question 35

328
However, the subject has only really gained ……. as an academic subject in the 20th century through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber

Answer 35

acceptance (gain + acceptance)

Question 36

328
One name that you may have ……. of - Karl Marx (the …….. of modern Communism) - has probably done more to ……….. people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology became fully …… as an academic discipline.

Answer 36

heard
founder
stimulate ( + interest)
established

Question 37

328
One name that you may have heard of - Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism) - has probably done more to stimulate people’s ……. in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology became ……. established as an academic ………..

Answer 37

interest
fully
discipline

Question 38

328
Sociology, therefore, has a ………. long history of development, (150-200 years) ………… in Britain it has only been in the last 30-40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a …….. of importance ……….. to, or above, most of the other subjects it is possible to study.

Answer 38

reasonably
although
level
equivalent