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GMAT > Sentence Correction > Flashcards

Sentence Correction Flashcards

1
Q

When used to state a role or function ‘as’ is always followed by…

Comparison

A

A noun

Comparison

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2
Q

When ‘as’ is used to show reasoning it can be replaced with…

Comparison

A

Because or Since

Comparison

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3
Q

When ‘as’ is used to show simultaneous actions it can be replaced with…

Comparison

A

While or During

Comparison

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4
Q

What is the correct sentence structure for use of ‘as’ in a comparison?

Comparison

A

As + Clause
As + Prepositional phrase (if an ellipsis is used)

Comparison

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5
Q

4

What are the functions of ‘as’?

Comparison

A

Comparison

Reasoning

Show two simultaneous actions

Present role/function

Comparison

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6
Q

When incorrect placement of ‘like’ changes the intended meaning you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Move placement to show the intended comparison

Comparison

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7
Q

When the use of ‘like’ presents an ambiguous meaning you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Restructure/reword to present intended comparison

Comparison

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8
Q

When ‘like’ presents an illogical comparison you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Restructure/reword to present logical entities

Comparison

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9
Q

When ‘like’ is used to present examples you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Replace with ‘such as’

Comparison

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10
Q

When ‘like’ is followed by a clause you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Either ensure it is followed by a noun or change to ‘as’

Comparison

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11
Q

5

There is an incorrect usage of ‘like’ if:

Comparison

A

It is followed by a clause

Used to present examples

Conveys illogical comparisons

There is an ambiguous meaning

It is incorrectly placed

Comparison

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12
Q

What are the 4 properties of the word ‘like’?

Comparison

A

Shows similarity between 2 entities

Presents a logical comparison

Conveys intended meaning

Followed by noun or pronoun

Comparison

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13
Q

Distinguish/Distinction…

Comparison

A

…Between X and Y

Comparison

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14
Q

As Compared/Contrasted…

Comparison

A

…To

Comparison

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15
Q

Compared/Contrasted…

Comparison

A

…With or To

Comparison

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16
Q

In Comparison/Contrast…

Comparison

A

…With or To

Comparison

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17
Q

3

What is the process to identify comparison errors?

Comparison

A

Identify comparison markers

Make elements grammatically parallel

Make elements logically parallel

Comparison

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18
Q

Comparisons should be…

Comparison

A

Parallel grammatically and logically comparable

Comparison

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19
Q

not sense based words

What are the 2 types of noun? Give examples

Foundations

A

Proper noun e.g. Tom, California etc - they name specific persons, places or things

Common noun e.g. world, ship etc - they are general nouns

Foundations

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20
Q

What is the difference between a concrete and abstract noun?

Foundations

A

A concrete noun denoted items that you can identify with the senses.

An abstract noun cannot be identified by the senses e.g. love, hope, skill, truth

Foundations

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21
Q

How do you identify a countable vs non-countable noun?

Foundations

A

Can it be counted as 1 (noun), 2 (nouns), 3 (nouns)?

Does it have a plural form?

Foundations

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22
Q

Which quantity adjectives can you use with countable vs non-countable nouns?

Foundations

A

Countable - Few, many etc

Non-countable - Amount, less etc

Foundations

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23
Q

What are the 5 types of pronoun?

Foundations

A

Personal, Relative, Indefinite, Demonstrative, Reflexive

Foundations

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24
Q

What is the definition of an adjective?

Foundations

A

Words, phrases or clauses that describe or modify nouns

Foundations

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25
Q

What are the types of verb functions?

Foundations

A

Denote action, Linking verbs, Helping verbs

Foundations

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26
Q

What is the definition of an adverb?

Foundations

A

Words, phrases or clauses that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or clauses - answer the question how? when? where? why?

Foundations

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27
Q

What is the role of a preposition?

Foundations

A

To link or connect a noun or pronoun to other words to show the relationship

Foundations

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28
Q

What are the three types of preposition?

Foundations

A

Place, time, movement

Foundations

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of conjuction?

Foundations

A

Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative

Foundations

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30
Q

What does FANBOYS stand for? And what are they?

Foundations

A

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So - Coordinating conjuctions

Foundations

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31
Q

What is the role of a subordinating conjunction?

Foundations

A

To join two clauses to communicate the full meaning of the sentence - once, after, since, because, although, as

Foundations

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32
Q

What is the role of a correlative conjunction?

Foundations

A

To connect two equal grammatical entities

Foundations

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33
Q

Give examples of correlative conjunctions

Foundations

A

Either or, Neither nor, Not only but also, both and, etc

Foundations

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34
Q

What are the two ways in which we connect two independent clauses?

Foundations

A

; or , + FANBOYS

Foundations

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35
Q

What are the roles of verb-ing words?

Foundations

A

Verb, Noun, Adjective

Foundations

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36
Q

What are the roles of verb-ed words?

Foundations

A

Verb, Adjective

Foundations

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37
Q

What is the role of to verb words?

Foundations

A

Present intention

Foundations

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38
Q

What are the steps to identify subject-verb corrections?

S-V

A

Understand the meaning

Identify the pairs

Check if SV pairs make sense and convey intended meaning

Reword the sentence

S-V

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39
Q

Which pronouns always have singular subjects?

S-V

A

Those ending in -one, -body, -thing, -ever and starting with any-, every-, no-, some-, what-, who-

S-V

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40
Q

When is ‘Each’ singular or plural?

S-V

A

Singular when used as the subject
Plural when used after the subject
(verb must agree with number of the subject)

S-V

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41
Q

When are phrases singular?

S-V

A

When starting with verb-ing noun

S-V

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42
Q

When are clauses singular?

S-V

A

When they act as the subject

S-V

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43
Q

Give examples of singular collective nouns

S-V

A

Army, Crowd, Fruit, Jury

S-V

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44
Q

Give examples of collective nouns in plural form

S-V

A

1 class, 2 classes

S-V

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45
Q

Proper nouns are always singular or plural?

S-V

A

Singular

S-V

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46
Q

What are the words that change subjects from singular to plural?

S-V

A

And

S-V

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47
Q

What are the words that change subjects from plural to singular?

S-V

A

Before subject: Each, Every, Either, Neither, One of the, The number of

S-V

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48
Q

Which words have no impact on the subject number?

S-V

A

Additive Phrases, Or, Nor, Either or, Neither nor, Quantity prepostional phrases

S-V

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49
Q

Simple present tense describes…

Verb Tenses

A

Facts of actions of general practice that are current

Verb Tenses

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50
Q

Simple past tense describes…

Verb Tenses

A

Facts or events that happened in the past

Verb Tenses

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51
Q

Simple future tense describes…

Verb Tenses

A

Facts or events that will happen in the future

Verb Tenses

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52
Q

Continuous/Progressive tense - ‘is’ + verb-ing describes:

Present
Past
Futures

Verb Tenses

A

An ongoing event:

That is happening now
That was happening when sth occured
That will happen when sth occurs

Verb Tenses

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53
Q

Perfect Tense in the present describes…

Verb Tenses

A

Continuing action
Continuing effect
Indefinite time

Verb Tenses

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54
Q

Perfect Tense in the past describes…

Verb Tenses

A

During some period of time, something happened

Verb Tenses

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55
Q

Perfect Tense in the future describes…

Verb Tenses

A

During some period of time, something will happen

Verb Tenses

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56
Q

How do you use perfect tense for verb sequencing?

Verb Tenses

A

Perfect tense - earlier
Simple tense - later

Verb Tenses

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57
Q

When using a time marker such as earlier, later etc or a causal conjuction you can use…

Verb Tenses

A

Simple past if the sequencing is logical and unambiguous

Verb Tenses

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58
Q

Only use perfect tense for…

Verb Tenses

A

Related events

Verb Tenses

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59
Q

Conditional: Simple Present IF… (Then…)

Verb Tenses

A

Simple Present or Simple Future

Verb Tenses

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60
Q

Conditional: Simple Past IF… (Then…)

Verb Tenses

A

Simple Past or Would Verb

Verb Tenses

61
Q

Conditional: Past Perfect IF… (Then…)

Verb Tenses

A

Would Have Verb

Verb Tenses

62
Q

Can use would to express uncertainty such as:

Verb Tenses

A

Expectations about the future - may/may not

Hypothetical Conditions - No certainty

Assumptions - may/may not

Verb Tenses

63
Q

What is the sentence structure for the subjunctive tense?

Verb Tenses

A

Trigger + That + Subject + Subjunctive

X demanded that Y resign immediately

Verb Tenses

64
Q

What are the idioms that trigger a ‘to verb’?

Verb Tenses

A

WAFAP

Want, Advise, Forbid, Allow, Persuade

Verb Tenses

65
Q

What are the idioms that trigger a subjunctive?

Verb Tenses

A

DIRS-ATE

Demand, Insist, Recommend, Suggest
Dictate, Mandate, Stipulate

Verb Tenses

66
Q

What are the idioms that can trigger either a ‘to verb’ or a subjunctive?

Verb Tenses

A

Ask, Beg, Intend, Require, Request, Order, Urge, Desire, Prefer, Propose

Verb Tenses

67
Q

What are rules of pronouns?

Pronouns

A

Must refer to one antecedent (and be clear which one)

Pronoun and antecedent must agree in number

Have to have the antecedent noun in the sentence but can be 2 different clauses

Pronouns

68
Q

What are the pronoun myths?

Pronouns

A

A pronoun has to refer to the nearest noun

A pronoun can only refer to a noun in the same clause

Antecedents can’t lie in prepositional phrases

Pronouns

69
Q

How do you test which antecedent is referred to by the pronoun?

Pronouns

A

Substitute all nouns in and test the logic

Pronouns

70
Q

Modifiers are… that provide additional information to…

Modifiers

A

words, phrases and clauses

nouns, verbs or main clause

Modifiers

71
Q

What is the process to correct modifier errors?

Modifiers

A

Spot the modifier

What is being modified?

Is it placed correctly?

Is it worded correctly?

Correct the error

Modifiers

72
Q

What are word modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules?

Modifiers

A

Adjectives

Only modifies noun or pronoun
Must be placed before the noun

Modifiers

73
Q

What are word modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules? (3)

Modifiers

A

Adverbs

Always answers questions how, when, why or where did the action occur

Does not need to be next to the verb

But with more than one verb, needs to be placed closer to the modified verb

Modifiers

74
Q

What are the phrase modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules?

Modifiers

A

Prepositional Phrases
Adjective Phrase
Noun Phrase
Verb-ed Phrase
Verb-ing Phrase

Must be placed close/next to the noun

Modifiers

75
Q

What are the phrase modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules?

Modifiers

A

Prepositional phrases only

Can be placed anywhere in the sentence

Modifiers

76
Q

What are the clause modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules?

Modifiers

A

Relative pronoun clauses

Must be placed next to the noun

Modifiers

77
Q

What are the clause modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules?

Modifiers

A

Clauses beginning with because, when, if, etc

Can place anywhere in the sentence

Modifiers

78
Q

What are the 3 ways you can correct modifiers?

Modifiers

A

Reposition

Reword

Change voice

Modifiers

79
Q

If sentence starts with -ed, -ing modifier it modifies… and so…

Modifiers

A

The main clause

It must logically connect to the subject of the main clause

Modifiers

80
Q

Verb-ing modifiers modify what?

Modifiers

A

Nouns and actions

Modifiers

81
Q

What is the correct sentence structure of a verb-ing modifer that modifies a noun?

Modifiers

A

Verb-ing modifier + , + noun

Noun + , + Verb-ing modifier + , + (rest of sentence)

At the end of the sentence: Noun + Verb-ing modifier

Modifiers

82
Q

How do verb-ing modifiers modify actions?

Modifiers

A

Describe them

How aspect

Present the result

Modifiers

83
Q

What are the common attributes of verb-ing modifiers that modify actions?

Modifiers

A

There is no ambiguity in the meaning

The modifier action and modified action have the same ‘doer’

The actions are presented in a sequence - cause - result

Modifiers

84
Q

What is the sentence structure for a verb-ing modifer that modifies actions?

Modifiers

A

Subject, Verb, Object + , + Verb-ing modifier

Unlike nouns which have no comma

Modifiers

85
Q

Can an action be a to-verb?

Modifiers

A

Yes e.g.
Mary’s father wants Mary to become a doctor

Modifiers

86
Q

Verb-ed words can be either a … or a…

Modifiers

A

verb, modifier

Modifiers

87
Q

To identify the role a verb-ed word plays you…

Modifiers

A

Focus on the meaning
Ascertain the roles played
Does the entity have a doer?

If yes - verb, If no - modifer

Modifiers

88
Q

Verb-ed modifiers modify…

Modifiers

A

Nouns or action entities

Modifiers

89
Q

What is the proper sentence construction for verb-ed modifiers that modify nouns?

Modifiers

A

S + Verb-ed modifier + V + O

S + , + Verb-ed modifier + , + V + O

Verb-ed modifier + , + S + V + O

Modifiers

90
Q

Are commas essential when the verb-ed modifier is placed between the subject and verb?

Modifiers

A

No, it depends on whether the modifier is essential - this is determined by the intended meaning of the sentence

Modifiers

91
Q

What is the proper sentence construction for verb-ed modifiers that modify actions?

Modifiers

A

Verb-ed modifier + , + S + V + O

Modifiers

92
Q

List the relative pronoun modifiers (5)

Modifiers

A

Which, That, Who, Whose, Whom

Modifiers

93
Q

Which relative pronoun modifiers modify people?

Modifiers

A

Who, Whom, Whose

Modifiers

94
Q

Which relative pronoun modifiers modify things?

Modifiers

A

Which, That, Whose

Modifiers

95
Q

What is the difference between Who and Whom?

Modifiers

A

Who acts on the subject

Whom acts on the object

Modifiers

96
Q

Relative pronoun modifiers modify closest nouns EXCEPT when

Modifiers

A

Additional information to the noun cannot be moved and the placement doesn’t result in ambiguity

Modifiers

97
Q

Parallelism errors are made by making…

Parallelism

A

Lists inconsistent

Parallelism

98
Q

Lists can contain… (5)

Parallelism

A

Nouns, Phrases, Clauses, Verbs, Modifiers

Parallelism

99
Q

List markers include…

Parallelism

A

Words e.g. and, or, but, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, rather than, from…to, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or, between x and y

Verbs e.g. is, represents, appears

Parallelism

100
Q

Correct parallelism errors by:

Parallelism

A

Identifying markers

Identifying meaning of sentence

Ensuring entities have the same structure

Parallelism

101
Q

Clauses, Modifier, Common, Verbing

Parallelism tips:

Parallelism

A

Parallel clauses must begin with the same word

Parallel elements in a list may be modified by different elements

Common words present in all elements do not need to be repeated

Verb-ing of noun is parallel to a noun

Parallelism

102
Q

The laws of parallelism (3) are:

Parallelism

A

A parallel list also contains a marker

The list must contain an appropriate marker to convey the intended meaning

The entities in the list are grammatically as well as logically parallel

Parallelism

103
Q

IM, DW, IW

Common types of parallel marker errors (3):

Parallelism

A

Using incorrect markers to distort the intended meaning

Using dual-word markers to connect more than two elements in a list

Using an incorrect word in the dual-marker pair

Parallelism

104
Q

Not always, logic, verbing/ed, voice

Imperfect List factors (4):

Parallelism

A

Structurally identical entities are not always parallel

Logic governs the structure of the entities in the list

Verb-ed and Verb-ing modifiers can be parallel

Active and passive voice verbs can be parallel if the verbs have the same subject

Parallelism

105
Q

In parallelism which takes priority? Logic or Grammar?

Parallelism

A

Logic first, grammar second

Parallelism

106
Q

4

What are the standard idioms including ‘as’?

Idioms

A
  • As X as
  • As much X as Y
  • As long as
  • As X So Y

Idioms

107
Q

What is the meaning of as x as?

Idioms

A

To provide comparison

Idioms

108
Q

What is the meaning of as much x as y?

Idioms

A

To express a comparison

X and Y must be //

Idioms

109
Q

What is the meaning of as X so Y?

Idioms

A

In the same way
Can also use just as X so Y

Idioms

110
Q

4

What are the standard expressions using ‘so’?

Idioms

A
  • So X that Y
  • So that
  • So long as
  • So too

Idioms

111
Q

What is the meaning of so X that Y?

Idioms

A

To such an extent that

Idioms

112
Q

What is the meaning of so that?

Idioms

A

In order to/With the result that

Idioms

113
Q

What is the meaning of so long as?

Idioms

A

Provided that

Idioms

114
Q

What is the meaning of so too?

Idioms

A

As well as

Needs a helping verb

Idioms

115
Q

2

What are the standard expressions using ‘and’?

Idioms

A
  • Between X and Y
  • Both X and Y

X and Y must be //

Idioms

116
Q

2

What are the standard expressions using ‘or’?

Idioms

A
  • Either X or Y
  • Whether X or Y

X and Y must be //

Idioms

117
Q

What are the standard expressions using ‘nor’?

Idioms

A

Neither X nor Y

X and Y must be //

Idioms

118
Q

What are the standard expressions using ‘not’?

Idioms

A
  • Not X but Y
  • Not only X but also Y
  • Not only X but Y
  • Not X but rather Y

Rather puts more emphasis on difference between X and Y

X and Y must be //

Idioms

119
Q

What are the other common idioms?

Idioms

A
  • X Rather than Y
    X Instead of Y
    From X to Y

Idioms

120
Q

What is the difference between ‘between’ and ‘among’?

Idioms

A

Between is for 2 entities and can go with the comprative adverb
Among is for more than 2 entities and goes with the superlative adverb

Idioms

121
Q

What is the difference between increase/decrease and greater/lesser?

Idioms

A
  • Increase/Decrease represents the same thing changing over a period of time
  • Greater/Lesser comapres 2 different things

Idioms

122
Q

What is the difference between affect and effect?

Idioms

A
  • Affect - verb or action
  • Effect - noun or event

Idioms

123
Q

What are the rules for Subject-Verb pairs?

S-V

A
  • Must have a S-V pair in each clause
  • Must agree in number
  • Must make logical sense
  • S-V pair cannot reside in a prepostional phrase
124
Q

What is the difference between aggravate and aggravating?

Idioms

A
  • Aggravate - Verb meaning to make worse
  • Aggravating - Adjective meaning to be annoyxing

Check - is it annoying or is it becoming worse?

Idioms

125
Q

What is the difference between means of and means to?

Idioms

A
  • As a means of - X is a type of Y
  • As a means to - X is a method to achieve Y

Idioms

126
Q

How can you use aid?

Idioms

A
  • As a verb with no preposition
  • As a noun with a preposition

Idioms

127
Q

How can you use the word account?

Idioms

A
  • Verb - Be responsible for
  • Noun - Narrative or story

Idioms

128
Q

What is the difference between rate of and rate for?

Idioms

A
  • Rate of - Measure of something
  • Rate for - Price charged for something

Idioms

129
Q

Can due to and because of be used interchangeably?

Idioms

A

No

Idioms

130
Q

When do you use due to?

Idioms

A

To modify or present reasons for nouns

Idioms

131
Q

When do you use because of?

Idioms

A

To modify or present reasons for actions

Idioms

132
Q

What is the check for due to?

Idioms

A

Replace with ‘caused by’

Idioms

133
Q

When do you use a ‘to verb’ phrase?

Idioms

A

When the sentence purpose or intent is explicit

Idioms

134
Q

When do you use a ‘for verb-ing’ phrase?

Idioms

A

When the sentence requires you to present the ‘what for?’ aspect

Idioms

135
Q

What are the correct usages of being?

Idioms

A
  • As a noun
  • When using the present continuous

Idioms

136
Q

What are the pause points in a sentence to master comprehension?

Master Comprehension

A
  • SV or SVO Group
  • Prepositions
  • Contextual words
  • Comma pairs
  • Comma

Master Comprehension

137
Q

Give examples of contextual words

Master Comprehension

A
  • However
  • Because
  • Since
  • Although
  • But
  • Moreover
  • In addition
  • After/Before

Master Comprehension

138
Q

For a parallel structure, ‘the verb-ing of a noun’ is parallel to what?

Parallelism

A

A noun

The cutting of trees is parallel to pollution for example

139
Q

In parallel sentences
* Verb-ed and verb-ing modifiers can be what?
* Active and passive voices can be what?

Parallelism

A
  • Parallel
  • Parallel if the verbs have the same subject
140
Q

Where should relative pronoun modifiers be placed?

Modifiers

A

Closest to the modified noun unless addition information is needed that can’t be moved

141
Q

What is the difference between who and whom?

Pronoun

A

Who - refers to subject
Whom - refers to object

142
Q

Parallel clauses must begin with what?

Parallelism

A

The same word

143
Q

What are the four rules for comparisons?

Comparison

A
  1. Must have a marker
  2. Must be grammatically parallel
  3. Must be logicall parallel
  4. Must compare the same type of thing
    5.
144
Q

What is the process for tackling a SC question?

A
  1. Read the sentence
  2. Understand the meaning
  3. Error Analysis
  4. Eliminate Answers
145
Q

What is the error analysis list for sentence correction?

A

Subject - Verb
Verb Tense
Pronoun
Modifier
Parallelism
Comparison
Idiom
Meaning

146
Q

When talking about events in the past - if the actions are independent which tense should you use?

Verb Tense

A

Simple

147
Q

When the sentence has a perfect tense you should check for what?

Verb Tense

A
  • Sequencing
  • Are the actions linked or independent?
148
Q

What is the difference among:
* Where
* In which
* Wherein?

Idioms

A
  • Where - refers to place or location
  • In which - Specifies location but connects relative clause to independent clause
  • Wherein - means ‘where’ or ‘in that way’

GMAT (14 decks)

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