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Sentence Correction Flashcards

1
Q

When used to state a role or function ‘as’ is always followed by…

Comparison

A

A noun

Comparison

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2
Q

When ‘as’ is used to show reasoning it can be replaced with…

Comparison

A

Because or Since

Comparison

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3
Q

When ‘as’ is used to show simultaneous actions it can be replaced with…

Comparison

A

While or During

Comparison

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4
Q

What is the correct sentence structure for use of ‘as’ in a comparison?

Comparison

A

As + Clause
As + Prepositional phrase (if an ellipsis is used)

Comparison

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5
Q

4

What are the functions of ‘as’?

Comparison

A

Comparison

Reasoning

Show two simultaneous actions

Present role/function

Comparison

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6
Q

When incorrect placement of ‘like’ changes the intended meaning you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Move placement to show the intended comparison

Comparison

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7
Q

When the use of ‘like’ presents an ambiguous meaning you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Restructure/reword to present intended comparison

Comparison

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8
Q

When ‘like’ presents an illogical comparison you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Restructure/reword to present logical entities

Comparison

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9
Q

When ‘like’ is used to present examples you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Replace with ‘such as’

Comparison

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10
Q

When ‘like’ is followed by a clause you need to do what?

Comparison

A

Either ensure it is followed by a noun or change to ‘as’

Comparison

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11
Q

5

There is an incorrect usage of ‘like’ if:

Comparison

A

It is followed by a clause

Used to present examples

Conveys illogical comparisons

There is an ambiguous meaning

It is incorrectly placed

Comparison

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12
Q

What are the 4 properties of the word ‘like’?

Comparison

A

Shows similarity between 2 entities

Presents a logical comparison

Conveys intended meaning

Followed by noun or pronoun

Comparison

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13
Q

Distinguish/Distinction…

Comparison

A

…Between X and Y

Comparison

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14
Q

As Compared/Contrasted…

Comparison

A

…To

Comparison

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15
Q

Compared/Contrasted…

Comparison

A

…With or To

Comparison

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16
Q

In Comparison/Contrast…

Comparison

A

…With or To

Comparison

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17
Q

3

What is the process to identify comparison errors?

Comparison

A

Identify comparison markers

Make elements grammatically parallel

Make elements logically parallel

Comparison

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18
Q

Comparisons should be…

Comparison

A

Parallel grammatically and logically comparable

Comparison

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19
Q

not sense based words

What are the 2 types of noun? Give examples

Foundations

A

Proper noun e.g. Tom, California etc - they name specific persons, places or things

Common noun e.g. world, ship etc - they are general nouns

Foundations

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20
Q

What is the difference between a concrete and abstract noun?

Foundations

A

A concrete noun denoted items that you can identify with the senses.

An abstract noun cannot be identified by the senses e.g. love, hope, skill, truth

Foundations

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21
Q

How do you identify a countable vs non-countable noun?

Foundations

A

Can it be counted as 1 (noun), 2 (nouns), 3 (nouns)?

Does it have a plural form?

Foundations

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22
Q

Which quantity adjectives can you use with countable vs non-countable nouns?

Foundations

A

Countable - Few, many etc

Non-countable - Amount, less etc

Foundations

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23
Q

What are the 5 types of pronoun?

Foundations

A

Personal, Relative, Indefinite, Demonstrative, Reflexive

Foundations

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24
Q

What is the definition of an adjective?

Foundations

A

Words, phrases or clauses that describe or modify nouns

Foundations

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25
What are the types of verb functions? ## Footnote Foundations
Denote action, Linking verbs, Helping verbs ## Footnote Foundations
26
What is the definition of an adverb? ## Footnote Foundations
Words, phrases or clauses that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or clauses - answer the question how? when? where? why? ## Footnote Foundations
27
What is the role of a preposition? ## Footnote Foundations
To link or connect a noun or pronoun to other words to show the relationship ## Footnote Foundations
28
What are the three types of preposition? ## Footnote Foundations
Place, time, movement ## Footnote Foundations
29
What are the 3 types of conjuction? ## Footnote Foundations
Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative ## Footnote Foundations
30
What does FANBOYS stand for? And what are they? ## Footnote Foundations
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So - Coordinating conjuctions ## Footnote Foundations
31
What is the role of a subordinating conjunction? ## Footnote Foundations
To join two clauses to communicate the full meaning of the sentence - once, after, since, because, although, as ## Footnote Foundations
32
What is the role of a correlative conjunction? ## Footnote Foundations
To connect two equal grammatical entities ## Footnote Foundations
33
Give examples of correlative conjunctions ## Footnote Foundations
Either or, Neither nor, Not only but also, both and, etc ## Footnote Foundations
34
What are the two ways in which we connect two independent clauses? ## Footnote Foundations
; or , + FANBOYS ## Footnote Foundations
35
What are the roles of verb-ing words? ## Footnote Foundations
Verb, Noun, Adjective ## Footnote Foundations
36
What are the roles of verb-ed words? ## Footnote Foundations
Verb, Adjective ## Footnote Foundations
37
What is the role of to verb words? ## Footnote Foundations
Present intention ## Footnote Foundations
38
What are the steps to identify subject-verb corrections? ## Footnote S-V
Understand the meaning Identify the pairs Check if SV pairs make sense and convey intended meaning Reword the sentence ## Footnote S-V
39
Which pronouns always have singular subjects? ## Footnote S-V
Those ending in -one, -body, -thing, -ever and starting with any-, every-, no-, some-, what-, who- ## Footnote S-V
40
When is 'Each' singular or plural? ## Footnote S-V
Singular when used as the subject Plural when used after the subject (verb must agree with number of the subject) ## Footnote S-V
41
When are phrases singular? ## Footnote S-V
When starting with verb-ing noun ## Footnote S-V
42
When are clauses singular? ## Footnote S-V
When they act as the subject ## Footnote S-V
43
Give examples of singular collective nouns ## Footnote S-V
Army, Crowd, Fruit, Jury ## Footnote S-V
44
Give examples of collective nouns in plural form ## Footnote S-V
1 class, 2 classes ## Footnote S-V
45
Proper nouns are always singular or plural? ## Footnote S-V
Singular ## Footnote S-V
46
What are the words that change subjects from singular to plural? ## Footnote S-V
And ## Footnote S-V
47
What are the words that change subjects from plural to singular? ## Footnote S-V
Before subject: Each, Every, Either, Neither, One of the, The number of ## Footnote S-V
48
Which words have no impact on the subject number? ## Footnote S-V
Additive Phrases, Or, Nor, Either or, Neither nor, Quantity prepostional phrases ## Footnote S-V
49
Simple present tense describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Facts of actions of general practice that are current ## Footnote Verb Tenses
50
Simple past tense describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Facts or events that happened in the past ## Footnote Verb Tenses
51
Simple future tense describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Facts or events that will happen in the future ## Footnote Verb Tenses
52
Continuous/Progressive tense - 'is' + verb-ing describes: Present Past Futures ## Footnote Verb Tenses
An ongoing event: That is happening now That was happening when sth occured That will happen when sth occurs ## Footnote Verb Tenses
53
Perfect Tense in the present describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Continuing action Continuing effect Indefinite time ## Footnote Verb Tenses
54
Perfect Tense in the past describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
During some period of time, something happened ## Footnote Verb Tenses
55
Perfect Tense in the future describes... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
During some period of time, something will happen ## Footnote Verb Tenses
56
How do you use perfect tense for verb sequencing? ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Perfect tense - earlier Simple tense - later ## Footnote Verb Tenses
57
When using a time marker such as earlier, later etc or a causal conjuction you can use... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Simple past if the sequencing is logical and unambiguous ## Footnote Verb Tenses
58
Only use perfect tense for... ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Related events ## Footnote Verb Tenses
59
Conditional: Simple Present IF... (Then...) ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Simple Present or Simple Future ## Footnote Verb Tenses
60
Conditional: Simple Past IF... (Then...) ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Simple Past or Would Verb ## Footnote Verb Tenses
61
Conditional: Past Perfect IF... (Then...) ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Would Have Verb ## Footnote Verb Tenses
62
Can use would to express uncertainty such as: ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Expectations about the future - may/may not Hypothetical Conditions - No certainty Assumptions - may/may not ## Footnote Verb Tenses
63
What is the sentence structure for the subjunctive tense? ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Trigger + That + Subject + Subjunctive X demanded that Y resign immediately ## Footnote Verb Tenses
64
What are the idioms that trigger a 'to verb'? ## Footnote Verb Tenses
WAFAP Want, Advise, Forbid, Allow, Persuade ## Footnote Verb Tenses
65
What are the idioms that trigger a subjunctive? ## Footnote Verb Tenses
DIRS-ATE Demand, Insist, Recommend, Suggest Dictate, Mandate, Stipulate ## Footnote Verb Tenses
66
What are the idioms that can trigger either a 'to verb' or a subjunctive? ## Footnote Verb Tenses
Ask, Beg, Intend, Require, Request, Order, Urge, Desire, Prefer, Propose ## Footnote Verb Tenses
67
What are rules of pronouns? ## Footnote Pronouns
Must refer to one antecedent (and be clear which one) Pronoun and antecedent must agree in number Have to have the antecedent noun in the sentence but can be 2 different clauses ## Footnote Pronouns
68
What are the pronoun myths? ## Footnote Pronouns
A pronoun has to refer to the nearest noun A pronoun can only refer to a noun in the same clause Antecedents can't lie in prepositional phrases ## Footnote Pronouns
69
How do you test which antecedent is referred to by the pronoun? ## Footnote Pronouns
Substitute all nouns in and test the logic ## Footnote Pronouns
70
Modifiers are... that provide additional information to... ## Footnote Modifiers
words, phrases and clauses nouns, verbs or main clause ## Footnote Modifiers
71
What is the process to correct modifier errors? ## Footnote Modifiers
Spot the modifier What is being modified? Is it placed correctly? Is it worded correctly? Correct the error ## Footnote Modifiers
72
What are word modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules? ## Footnote Modifiers
Adjectives Only modifies noun or pronoun Must be placed before the noun ## Footnote Modifiers
73
What are word modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules? (3) ## Footnote Modifiers
Adverbs Always answers questions how, when, why or where did the action occur Does not need to be next to the verb But with more than one verb, needs to be placed closer to the modified verb ## Footnote Modifiers
74
What are the phrase modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules? ## Footnote Modifiers
Prepositional Phrases Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Verb-ed Phrase Verb-ing Phrase Must be placed close/next to the noun ## Footnote Modifiers
75
What are the phrase modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules? ## Footnote Modifiers
Prepositional phrases only Can be placed anywhere in the sentence ## Footnote Modifiers
76
What are the clause modifiers that modify nouns and what are the rules? ## Footnote Modifiers
Relative pronoun clauses Must be placed next to the noun ## Footnote Modifiers
77
What are the clause modifiers that modify verbs and what are the rules? ## Footnote Modifiers
Clauses beginning with because, when, if, etc Can place anywhere in the sentence ## Footnote Modifiers
78
What are the 3 ways you can correct modifiers? ## Footnote Modifiers
Reposition Reword Change voice ## Footnote Modifiers
79
If sentence starts with -ed, -ing modifier it modifies... and so... ## Footnote Modifiers
The main clause It must logically connect to the subject of the main clause ## Footnote Modifiers
80
Verb-ing modifiers modify what? ## Footnote Modifiers
Nouns and actions ## Footnote Modifiers
81
What is the correct sentence structure of a verb-ing modifer that modifies a noun? ## Footnote Modifiers
Verb-ing modifier + , + noun Noun + , + Verb-ing modifier + , + (rest of sentence) At the end of the sentence: Noun + Verb-ing modifier ## Footnote Modifiers
82
How do verb-ing modifiers modify actions? ## Footnote Modifiers
Describe them How aspect Present the result ## Footnote Modifiers
83
What are the common attributes of verb-ing modifiers that modify actions? ## Footnote Modifiers
There is no ambiguity in the meaning The modifier action and modified action have the same 'doer' The actions are presented in a sequence - cause - result ## Footnote Modifiers
84
What is the sentence structure for a verb-ing modifer that modifies actions? ## Footnote Modifiers
Subject, Verb, Object + , + Verb-ing modifier Unlike nouns which have no comma ## Footnote Modifiers
85
Can an action be a to-verb? ## Footnote Modifiers
Yes e.g. Mary's father wants Mary to become a doctor ## Footnote Modifiers
86
Verb-ed words can be either a ... or a... ## Footnote Modifiers
verb, modifier ## Footnote Modifiers
87
To identify the role a verb-ed word plays you... ## Footnote Modifiers
Focus on the meaning Ascertain the roles played Does the entity have a doer? If yes - verb, If no - modifer ## Footnote Modifiers
88
Verb-ed modifiers modify... ## Footnote Modifiers
Nouns or action entities ## Footnote Modifiers
89
What is the proper sentence construction for verb-ed modifiers that modify nouns? ## Footnote Modifiers
S + Verb-ed modifier + V + O S + , + Verb-ed modifier + , + V + O Verb-ed modifier + , + S + V + O ## Footnote Modifiers
90
Are commas essential when the verb-ed modifier is placed between the subject and verb? ## Footnote Modifiers
No, it depends on whether the modifier is essential - this is determined by the intended meaning of the sentence ## Footnote Modifiers
91
What is the proper sentence construction for verb-ed modifiers that modify actions? ## Footnote Modifiers
Verb-ed modifier + , + S + V + O ## Footnote Modifiers
92
List the relative pronoun modifiers (5) ## Footnote Modifiers
Which, That, Who, Whose, Whom ## Footnote Modifiers
93
Which relative pronoun modifiers modify people? ## Footnote Modifiers
Who, Whom, Whose ## Footnote Modifiers
94
Which relative pronoun modifiers modify things? ## Footnote Modifiers
Which, That, Whose ## Footnote Modifiers
95
What is the difference between Who and Whom? ## Footnote Modifiers
Who acts on the subject Whom acts on the object ## Footnote Modifiers
96
Relative pronoun modifiers modify closest nouns EXCEPT when ## Footnote Modifiers
Additional information to the noun cannot be moved and the placement doesn't result in ambiguity ## Footnote Modifiers
97
Parallelism errors are made by making... ## Footnote Parallelism
Lists inconsistent ## Footnote Parallelism
98
Lists can contain... (5) ## Footnote Parallelism
Nouns, Phrases, Clauses, Verbs, Modifiers ## Footnote Parallelism
99
List markers include... ## Footnote Parallelism
Words e.g. and, or, but, either...or, neither...nor, not...but, rather than, from...to, both...and, not only...but also, whether...or, between x and y Verbs e.g. is, represents, appears ## Footnote Parallelism
100
Correct parallelism errors by: ## Footnote Parallelism
Identifying markers Identifying meaning of sentence Ensuring entities have the same structure ## Footnote Parallelism
101
# Clauses, Modifier, Common, Verbing Parallelism tips: ## Footnote Parallelism
Parallel clauses must begin with the same word Parallel elements in a list may be modified by different elements Common words present in all elements do not need to be repeated Verb-ing of noun is parallel to a noun ## Footnote Parallelism
102
The laws of parallelism (3) are: ## Footnote Parallelism
A parallel list also contains a marker The list must contain an appropriate marker to convey the intended meaning The entities in the list are grammatically as well as logically parallel ## Footnote Parallelism
103
# IM, DW, IW Common types of parallel marker errors (3): ## Footnote Parallelism
Using incorrect markers to distort the intended meaning Using dual-word markers to connect more than two elements in a list Using an incorrect word in the dual-marker pair ## Footnote Parallelism
104
# Not always, logic, verbing/ed, voice Imperfect List factors (4): ## Footnote Parallelism
Structurally identical entities are not always parallel Logic governs the structure of the entities in the list Verb-ed and Verb-ing modifiers can be parallel Active and passive voice verbs can be parallel if the verbs have the same subject ## Footnote Parallelism
105
In parallelism which takes priority? Logic or Grammar? ## Footnote Parallelism
Logic first, grammar second ## Footnote Parallelism
106
# 4 What are the standard idioms including '**as**'? ## Footnote Idioms
* As X as * As much X as Y * As long as * As X So Y ## Footnote Idioms
107
What is the meaning of **as x as?** ## Footnote Idioms
To provide comparison ## Footnote Idioms
108
What is the meaning of **as much x as y?** ## Footnote Idioms
To express a comparison | X and Y must be // ## Footnote Idioms
109
What is the meaning of **as X so Y**? ## Footnote Idioms
In the same way Can also use **just as X so Y** ## Footnote Idioms
110
# 4 What are the standard expressions using '**so**'? ## Footnote Idioms
* So X that Y * So that * So long as * So too ## Footnote Idioms
111
What is the meaning of **so X that Y?** ## Footnote Idioms
To such an extent that ## Footnote Idioms
112
What is the meaning of **so that?** ## Footnote Idioms
In order to/With the result that ## Footnote Idioms
113
What is the meaning of **so long as?** ## Footnote Idioms
Provided that ## Footnote Idioms
114
What is the meaning of **so too?** ## Footnote Idioms
As well as | Needs a helping verb ## Footnote Idioms
115
# 2 What are the standard expressions using '**and**'? ## Footnote Idioms
* Between X and Y * Both X and Y | X and Y must be // ## Footnote Idioms
116
# 2 What are the standard expressions using '**or**'? ## Footnote Idioms
* Either X or Y * Whether X or Y | X and Y must be // ## Footnote Idioms
117
What are the standard expressions using '**nor**'? ## Footnote Idioms
Neither X nor Y | X and Y must be // ## Footnote Idioms
118
What are the standard expressions using '**not**'? ## Footnote Idioms
* Not X but Y * Not only X but also Y * Not only X but Y * Not X but rather Y Rather puts more emphasis on difference between X and Y | X and Y must be // ## Footnote Idioms
119
What are the other common idioms? ## Footnote Idioms
* X Rather than Y X Instead of Y From X to Y ## Footnote Idioms
120
What is the difference between '**between**' and '**among**'? ## Footnote Idioms
Between is for 2 entities and can go with the comprative adverb Among is for more than 2 entities and goes with the superlative adverb ## Footnote Idioms
121
What is the difference between **increase/decrease** and **greater/lesser**? ## Footnote Idioms
* Increase/Decrease represents the same thing changing over a period of time * Greater/Lesser comapres 2 different things ## Footnote Idioms
122
What is the difference between **affect** and **effect**? ## Footnote Idioms
* Affect - verb or action * Effect - noun or event ## Footnote Idioms
123
What are the rules for Subject-Verb pairs? ## Footnote S-V
* Must have a S-V pair in each clause * Must agree in number * Must make logical sense * S-V pair cannot reside in a prepostional phrase
124
What is the difference between **aggravate** and **aggravating**? ## Footnote Idioms
* Aggravate - Verb meaning to make worse * Aggravating - Adjective meaning to be annoyxing | Check - is it annoying or is it becoming worse? ## Footnote Idioms
125
What is the difference between **means of** and **means to**? ## Footnote Idioms
* As a means of - X is a type of Y * As a means to - X is a method to achieve Y ## Footnote Idioms
126
How can you use **aid**? ## Footnote Idioms
* As a verb with no preposition * As a noun with a preposition ## Footnote Idioms
127
How can you use the word **account**? ## Footnote Idioms
* Verb - Be responsible for * Noun - Narrative or story ## Footnote Idioms
128
What is the difference between **rate of** and **rate for**? ## Footnote Idioms
* Rate of - Measure of something * Rate for - Price charged for something ## Footnote Idioms
129
Can **due to** and **because of** be used interchangeably? ## Footnote Idioms
No ## Footnote Idioms
130
When do you use **due to**? ## Footnote Idioms
To modify or present reasons for nouns ## Footnote Idioms
131
When do you use **because of**? ## Footnote Idioms
To modify or present reasons for actions ## Footnote Idioms
132
What is the check for **due to**? ## Footnote Idioms
Replace with 'caused by' ## Footnote Idioms
133
When do you use a **'to verb'** phrase? ## Footnote Idioms
When the sentence purpose or intent is explicit ## Footnote Idioms
134
When do you use a **'for verb-ing'** phrase? ## Footnote Idioms
When the sentence requires you to present the 'what for?' aspect ## Footnote Idioms
135
What are the correct usages of **being**? ## Footnote Idioms
* As a noun * When using the present continuous ## Footnote Idioms
136
What are the pause points in a sentence to master comprehension? ## Footnote Master Comprehension
* SV or SVO Group * Prepositions * Contextual words * Comma pairs * Comma ## Footnote Master Comprehension
137
Give examples of contextual words ## Footnote Master Comprehension
* However * Because * Since * Although * But * Moreover * In addition * After/Before ## Footnote Master Comprehension
138
For a parallel structure, 'the verb-ing of a noun' is parallel to what? ## Footnote Parallelism
A noun | The cutting of trees is parallel to pollution for example
139
In parallel sentences * Verb-ed and verb-ing modifiers can be what? * Active and passive voices can be what? ## Footnote Parallelism
* Parallel * Parallel if the verbs have the same subject
140
Where should relative pronoun modifiers be placed? ## Footnote Modifiers
Closest to the modified noun unless addition information is needed that can't be moved
141
What is the difference between who and whom? ## Footnote Pronoun
Who - refers to subject Whom - refers to object
142
Parallel clauses must begin with what? ## Footnote Parallelism
The same word
143
What are the four rules for comparisons? ## Footnote Comparison
1. Must have a marker 2. Must be grammatically parallel 3. Must be logicall parallel 4. Must compare the same type of thing 5.
144
What is the process for tackling a SC question?
1. Read the sentence 2. Understand the meaning 3. Error Analysis 4. Eliminate Answers
145
What is the error analysis list for sentence correction?
Subject - Verb Verb Tense Pronoun Modifier Parallelism Comparison Idiom Meaning
146
When talking about events in the past - if the actions are independent which tense should you use? ## Footnote Verb Tense
Simple
147
When the sentence has a perfect tense you should check for what? ## Footnote Verb Tense
* Sequencing * Are the actions linked or independent?
148
What is the difference among: * Where * In which * Wherein? ## Footnote Idioms
* Where - refers to place or location * In which - Specifies location but connects relative clause to independent clause * Wherein - means 'where' or 'in that way'

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