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Critical Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the objective of an argument?

A

To establish the conclusion

Foundation

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2
Q

What is the definition of an argument?

Foundation

A

A line of reasoning advanced to advocate a point

Foundation

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3
Q

What is the point advocated?

Foundation

A

The conclusion

Foundation

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4
Q

What are the reasons to support the point?

Foundation

A

Premises

Foundation

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5
Q

Only … lead to a conclusion

Foundation

A

Premises

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6
Q

What is the definition of a conclusion?

Foundation

A

The main point that is advocated

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7
Q

To find the conclusion you can ask?

Foundation

A
  • What is the main point advocated?
  • What does the author want you to believe?
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8
Q

What is the definition of a premise?

Foun dation

A

Any piece of information, evidence, viewpoint, rules etc that the author uses to support the conclusion

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9
Q

Context decides if the statement is a…

Foun dation

A

Premise or a conclusion

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10
Q

Give examples of premise indicators

Foundation

A
  • Since
  • Due to
  • Because
  • For
  • Given that
  • etc
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11
Q

Give examples of conclusion indicators

Foundation

A
  • Therefore
  • Hence
  • It shows that
  • It follows that
  • It can be concluded that
  • Thus
  • So
  • Etc
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12
Q

4

What is the process to identify a conclusion?

Foundation

A
  • Actively read the passage
  • Ask questions - what is the main point and what does the author want you to believe?
  • Look for indicators
  • ABC Test
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13
Q

When do you use the ABC test?

Foundation

A

When there are multiple indicators or no indicators

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14
Q

What are the questions for the ABC test?

Foundation

A

Is A because of C or is C because of A?

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15
Q

Who can state the conclusion? And what is the exception?

Foundation

A

Only the author UNLESS the question explicitly states the third party as having made the conclusion

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16
Q

What is a counter premise?

Foundation

A

A statement that presents information that goes against the conclusion

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17
Q

What is an intermediate conclusion?

Foundation

A

A derived statement in the argument (not fact)

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18
Q

What are the rules of something that can be challenged?

Foundation

A
  • It can be doubted
  • The truth value is not certain
  • It cannot be taken at face value
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19
Q

GMAT CR tests what?

Foundations

A

Reasoning not knowledge

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20
Q

4

What can be challenged in an argument?

Foundations

A
  • Derived Information
  • Reasoning
  • Conclusion or Interim Conclusion
  • Anything said by a third party
21
Q

Profitability is…

Standard Knowledge

A

Profit/Sales

22
Q

Profit is

Standard Knowledge

A

Sales - Cost

23
Q

Where can the conclusion be placed in the argument?

Foundations

24
Q

Can you have multiple intermediate conclusions?

Foundations

25
How many conclusions can be included in an argument? ## Footnote Foundations
Only one
26
If the passage is true then the inference... ## Footnote Inference
Must always be true
27
What is the impact of the word 'only' in a sentence? ## Footnote Inference
Only does not mean all or every of a category - it just means no other category | E.g. multistorey or single storey buildings
28
What is the impact of the word 'all' in a sentence? ## Footnote Inference
All means each or every - it does not affect 'other' categories | E.g. multistorey or single storey buildings
29
What is the meaning of 'some'? ## Footnote Inference
Any # from 1 to All
30
What is the meaning of 'most'? ## Footnote Inference
It means >50% to All
31
What is the meaning of 'few'? ## Footnote Inference
A handful | E.g. 2 3 or 4 out of 100
32
What is the meaning of 'many'? ## Footnote Inference
3 to All
33
What does it mean when the word 'the' is included in the premise? ## Footnote Inference
'The' implies a total number
34
What is the meaning of the word 'moreover'? ## Footnote Inference
A continuation of one chain of thought | In other words the chain of thought is from the same person
35
What is the 3 step process to solving inference questions? ## Footnote Inference
1. Understand and analyse the passage 2. Review each choice 3. Analyse each choice
36
What are the 3 things to watch out for when analysing the passage? I.e. the mistakes not to make ## Footnote Inference
* Make sure to capture the author's intent in the argument * Do not infer specific information in generic terms * Do not distort elements of the passage
37
What is the tool that is used to analyse the passages in CR Inference? ## Footnote Inference
Visualisation
38
What are the 4 characteristics of an assumption? ## Footnote Assumptions
1. It must be true for the conclusion to hold true 2. It is not stated 3. It cannot be infered 4. It is new information
39
How many assumptions can be included in the passage? ## Footnote Assumptions
Multiple
40
By understanding the logic of the argument we can... ## Footnote Assumptions
Derive the assumptions
41
What is the prethinking process? ## Footnote Assumption
A way of deriving the assumption by analysing the logic of the argument
42
What are the 3 core skills for CR assumption questions? ## Footnote Assumptions
1. Understand the passage 2. Pre-think the assumption 3. Analyse the answer choices
43
What is the primary question used in pre-thinking? ## Footnote Assumptions
In what scenario does the author's conclusion break?
44
Once you identify the scenario that breaks the conclusion, what do you do to find the assumptions? ## Footnote Assumptions
Reverse the scenario
45
What are the 3 things to watch out for when an argument has 2 entities in an assumption question? ## Footnote Assumptions
* The correct choice is not always a reword of the assumption * Are the two entities linked? * If they are linked are they dependent or competition?
46
Can the assumption be derived from an entity not in the passage? ## Footnote Assumptions
Yes - it can be derived from an inference
47
Where a comparison is assumed by the author make sure to understand what? ## Footnote Assumptions
What is explicit and what is not explicit
48
When you see the word 'average' in a passage...
Consider the extremes to check if the word 'average' impacts anything

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