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neurology > sensory systems including pain > Flashcards

sensory systems including pain Flashcards

1
Q

what is each type of sensory information associated with?

A

a specific receptor type responding to a specific sensory modality

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2
Q

what is the receptive field?

A

the specific area over which a sensory receptor will respond to a stimulus

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3
Q

what does a meissners corpuscle sense?

A

light touch

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4
Q

what does a merkles corpuscle sense?

A

touch

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5
Q

what does a free nerve ending sense?

A

pain

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6
Q

what does a pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

deep pressure

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7
Q

what does a ruffini corpuscle sense?

A

warmth

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8
Q

what do all sensory receptors do to their adequate stimuli?

A

transduce them into depolarisation - which is the generator potential

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9
Q

what encodes the intensity of a stimulus?

A

the size of the receptor potential

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10
Q

what does the receptor potential evoke?

A

firing of action potentials for long distance transmission

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11
Q

what does the frequency of action potentials encode?

A

intensity of stimulus

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12
Q

what determines the acuity of a stimulus?

A

density of innervation and size of receptive field

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13
Q

what 3 types of primary afferent fibres mediate cutaneous sensation?

A

large myelinated fibres
small myelinated fibres
unmyelinated fibres

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14
Q

what type of information do large myelinated fibres convey?

A

touch
pressure
vibration

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15
Q

what type of information do small myelinated fibres convey?

A

cold
fast pain
pressure

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16
Q

what type of information do unmyelinated fibres conve/y

A

warmth

slow pain

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17
Q

what fibres mediate proprioception?

A

2 types - large myleinated and A alpha

18
Q

where do all afferent fibre types enter the spinal cord?

A

via the dorsal root ganglia (or cranial nerve ganglia for head)

19
Q

how do mechanoreceptive (large myelinated) fibres project to the brain?

A

through ipsilateral dorsal columns

20
Q

where do the mechanoreceptive fibres decussate?

A

brainstem

21
Q

where do the mechanoreceptive fibres synapse?

A

in the cuneate and gracile nuclei

22
Q

where do mechanoreceptive fibres project to after they decussate?

A

thalamus, reticular formation and cortex

23
Q

where do the thermoreceptive and nociceptive fibres (short myelinated and unmyelinated)synapse?

A

dorsal horn

24
Q

where do the thermoreceptive and nociceptive fibres decussate?

A

in the spinal cord

25
Q

how do the mechanoreceptive and nociceptive fibres project to the brain?

A

through the controlateral spinothalamic tract

26
Q

where do the mechanoreceptive and nociceptive fibres project to within the brain?

A

thalamus, reticular formation and cortex

27
Q

what is the result of damage to the dorsal column?

A

loss of touch
vibration
proproception below the lesion on the IPSILATERAL side

28
Q

what is the result of damage to the anterolateral quadrant (spinothalamic)

A

causes loss of nociceptive and temperature sensation below the lesion on the contralateral side

29
Q

where is the ultimate termination point for sensory signals?

A

somatosensory cortex of the post central gyrus

30
Q

how are the nerve ending grouped in the post central gyrus?

A

according to the location of the receptors

31
Q

what are 3 ways that help process information in sensory pathways?

A

adaptation
convergence
lateral inhibition

32
Q

what is convergence?

A

when different neurones synapse in the same place?

33
Q

what are some of the effects of convergence?

A

saves on neurones
reduces acuity
may underlie referred pain

34
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when activation of one sensory input causes synaptic inhibition of its neighbours

35
Q

what is the effect of lateral inhibition?

A

gives better definition of receptive field boundaries

cleans up sensory information

36
Q

what can activate signal transduction in nociceptors?

A

low pH, Heat

local chemical mediators (bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins)

37
Q

in the gate control theory of pain, what do inhibitory interneurones release?

A

opioid peptides which inhibit transmitter release from pain fibres

38
Q

what can activate inhibitory interneurones in the gate control theory?

A

mechanoreceptive fibres
nucleus raphe magnus
pari-aqueductal grey matter

39
Q

how are NSAIDS analgesic?

A

they inhibit cyclo-oxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglanidins (prostaglandins sensitise nociceptors to bradykinin)

40
Q

how are local anaesthetics analgesic?

A

they block the Na+ action potential and therefore block all axonal transmission

41
Q

how are opiates analgesic?

A

they reduce the sensitivity of nociceptors
block transmitter release in the dorsal horn
and they activate descending inhibitory pathways

neurology (29 decks)

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