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neurology > cells and tissues of the nervous system > Flashcards

cells and tissues of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

33

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3
Q

what are the two populations of cells that make up the nervous system?

A

neurons

glial cells

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4
Q

what are some features of neurons?

A

structural and functional unit
excitable cells
impulses carried as action potential

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5
Q

what are some functions of glial cells

A

non excitable supporting cells

much smaller than neurons

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6
Q

what is a typical neuron composed of?

A

multiple dendrites, one axon

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7
Q

how many directions can action potentials travel in?

A

1 - from the cell body to the synaptic terminal

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8
Q

what comprises the nucleus of neurons?

A

loose chromatin

prominent nucleolus

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9
Q

what organelles are contained within neurons?

A

mitchondria
rER
diffuse golgi aparatus

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10
Q

what part of the neuron can grow back?

A

the axon

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11
Q

what part of the neuron does not grow back after damage?

A

cell body

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

increases conduction speed in axons by saltatory conduction

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13
Q

what are myelin sheaths formed by?

A

schwann cells in PNS

oligodendrocytes in CNS

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14
Q

what happens if the myelin sheath becomes dysfunctional?

A

nerve conduction across the affected axons is abnormal

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15
Q

what is seen on an MRI of a patient with multiple sclerosis?

A

whitish plaques of demyelination

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16
Q

what are 3 types of neurons?

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar

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17
Q

what type of neuron comprises ALL sensory neurons?

A

pseudounipolar

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18
Q

where is the head of the neuron located in a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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19
Q

what is the name of a collection of grey matter in the CNS?

A

nucleus

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20
Q

what is the name for a collection of grey matter outside the CNS?

A

ganglion

21
Q

what forms tracts?

A

collections of myelinated axons

22
Q

what is a tract?

A

bundles of axons carrying specific information within the white matter

23
Q

what forms white matter?

A

collections of myelinated axons

24
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

most common type of glial cell- they surround synapses and capillaries and help in K+ buffering

25
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

phagocytosis and scar formation

26
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

controls balance and coordination

27
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the brainstem?

A

pons
medulla
midbrain

28
Q

what makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

29
Q

what does the cavity of the neural tube persist as in the adult brain?

A

ventricles

30
Q

what is contained within the ventricles?

A

CSF

31
Q

what are the names of the different ventricles?

A

lateral - 2
III ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
IV ventricle

32
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

33
Q

where do the lateral ventricles lie?

A

cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

where does the the III ventricle lie?

A

cavity within diencephalon

35
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?

A

midbrain

36
Q

where does the 4th ventricle lie?

A

hindbrain

37
Q

what are the 3 coverings of the CNS?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

38
Q

what is contained within the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

39
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

secrete CSF

40
Q

what is contained within the subdural space?

A

blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

41
Q

where is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus in each ventricle

42
Q

where is CSF absorbed?

A

by arachnoid villi into saggital sinus (venous channel in the brain)

43
Q

what do dural folds do?

A

keep the various parts of the brain in place

44
Q

what are the names of the dural folds?

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

45
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids and ions present in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain

46
Q

what composes the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. endothelium - tight junction
  2. thick basal lamina
  3. foot processes of astrocytes
47
Q

where is the BBB absent?

A

parts of the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

48
Q

what can pass freely across the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid soluble molecules
oxygen
water

49
Q

how do water soluble molecules pass the blood brain barrier?

A

they are pump mediated

neurology (29 decks)

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