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HSC: Anatomy and Physiology > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the middle of the eye where light passes

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2
Q

Iris

A

Visible coloured ring
Adjusts to control the amount of light entering through the pupil

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3
Q

Tear glands

A

Produce tears which clean and lubricate the eye
Contain salt and antibodies to defend against pathogens

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4
Q

Humours

A

Keep the eye in shape and nourish it

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5
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin membrane that protects the cornea

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6
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent at the front of the eye
Light rays pass through to the retina

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7
Q

Retina

A

Inner lining of the eye
Contains light sensitive cells (cones and rods)

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8
Q

Macula

A

High concentration of photoreceptor cells which detect light and send signals to the brain

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9
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve cells/ impulses exit the eye and go to the brain
No rods and cones = blind spot

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10
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Enables lens to change shape for focusing

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11
Q

Lens

A

Focused light entering the eye

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12
Q

Biological Cause: Glaucoma

A

A build-up of pressure in the eye when fluid from the aqueous humour is unable to drain properly. This puts pressure on the optic nerve and damaged it.

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13
Q

Factors that increase the risk of glaucoma

A

Age
Ethnicity
Family History
Medical Conditions like diabetes

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14
Q

Effects of Glaucoma

A

Develops over many years
Loss of peripheral vision
Blurred vision
Rainbow coloured circles around bright lights
Blindness

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15
Q

What has AMD been linked to?

A

Smoking, high BP, and obesity

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16
Q

Effects of AMD

A

Difficulty reading & recognising faces
Straight lines seem crooked
Objects look smaller than usual
Colours seem less bright
Hallucinations

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17
Q

Causes of Cataracts

A

Diabetes
Exposure to UV light
Taking certain medications such as corticosteroids for a long time
Smoking & drinking
Family history

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18
Q

Effects of Cataracts

A

Changes in lens resulting in cloudy patches in vision
Colours look pale
Everything has a yellow/orange tinge
Bright lights are dazzling
Double vision

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19
Q

Cause of retinopathy

A

Diabetes
High blood glucose damages the retina causing blood vessels to narrow and leak
Abnormal blood flow to the retina damages cells

20
Q

Treatments/monitoring for Glaucoma

A

Daily eye drops
Regular appointments
Laser treatment to open blocked drainage tube
Surgery to improve to drainage of fluid

21
Q

Treatments/monitoring for AMD

A

Stopping smoking
Dietary supplements
Support Services that help with sight loss
Regular scans
Injections into the eye
Photodynamic therapy - light sensitive dye is injected and a laser that activates the dye destroys abnormal blood vessels

22
Q

Monitoring and treatment for cataracts

A

Regular eye screening
Stronger glasses
Surgery to replace lens

23
Q

Monitoring Retinopathy

A

Monitor & control blood glucose, bp and cholesterol
Diabetic eye screening appointments

24
Q

Treating retinopathy

A

Injections of medication into the eye
Laser treatment
Operation to remove scar tissue

25
Q

Eardrum

A

Thin layer of tissue
Receives sound vibrations
Transmits them to the middle ear cavity

26
Q

Stapes/incus/malleus ear bones

A

Amplify the sound waves
Transmit vibrations across the middle of the ear to the cochlea

27
Q

Cochlea

A

Contains jelly-like fluid
Vibrations pass through the fluid and are converted to neural messages
These are passes to the brain via the auditory nerve

28
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Located in the cochlea
Lined with rows of hair cells that convert vibrations into nerve impulses

29
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connects middle ear to the throat
Ensures pressure in the middle ear is equal to pressure outside of the ear

30
Q

Round Window

A

Drum-like membrane
Vibrations from the oval window pass through to the cochlea

31
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

Bundle of nerve fibres that carry hearing information between the cochlea and the brain

32
Q

Semi-circular canals and ampullae

A

Tiny fluid-filled tubes
Help with balance
Lined with cilia
Movement of the cilia are communicated to the brain

33
Q

A small bone that transmits sound vibrations within the ear

A

Stapes/incus/malleus

34
Q

Found in the cochlea and contains rows of hair cells

A

Organ of Corti

35
Q

Opening covered by a membrane that allows movement of fluid in the cochlea

A

Round window

36
Q

Separated from the external ear by the ear drum

A

Middle ear

37
Q

Identify the structures in the middle ear

A

Semi circular canals
Cochlea
Auditory nerve

38
Q

Which structure in the ear contains ampullae

A

Semi circular canals

39
Q

Effects of deafness

A

Sound waves do not reach the cochlea
Sound waves are not converted to electrical impulses
Misunderstanding others
Having the TV on loud
May need to learn sign language

40
Q

Treatment for deafness

A

Ear drops to dissolve blockages
Syringing to remove blockages
Antibiotics to treat infections
Hearing aids

41
Q

Explain how sound reaches the brain

A

Sound enters the outer ear as pressure waves in the air
These vibrations/pressure waves create vibrations of the eardrum
Leads to vibration of the ossicles - which magnify the sound
Vibrations then reach the round window and enter the cochlea
The vibrations are converted into electrical impulses
Electrical impulses travel down the auditory nerve to the brain

42
Q

Produces liquid to moisten the surface of the eye

A

Tear gland

43
Q

Forms a thin protective layer covering the front of the eye and lines the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

44
Q

The lining of the back of the eye that contains cells which are sensitive to light

A

Retina

45
Q

State the effects of cataracts

A

Cloudy patches in vision
Difficulty seeing in dim/bright light
Colours look less faded
Colours have a brown tinge
Double vision

46
Q

Explain how cataracts effect the functioning of the eye

A

Cloudy patches in the lens
Colours look pale
Increasing cloudiness eventually leads to sight loss

47
Q

Explain the cause of glaucoma and the possible effects of left untreated

A

The build up of pressure in the eye due to the humours not being able to drain properly - Whig damages the optic nerve
When ,eft untreated the peripheral vision reduces

HSC: Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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