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HSC: Anatomy and Physiology > Control and Regulatory Systems > Flashcards

Control and Regulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Two main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is the PNS

A

branches of nerves from the CNS

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3
Q

What parts of the body are part of the CNS

A

Brain & spinal cord

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4
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Collect, process and respond to info
To coordinate the working of different organs

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the PNS?

A

autonomic and somatic

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6
Q

What are the 2 Parts of the ANS

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Role of the PNS

A

Transmits electrical impulses via neurones to and from the CNS

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8
Q

Role of the ANS

A

They govern viral functions in the body such as digestion (unconscious control)
Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system work antagonistically

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9
Q

Examples of what the sympathetic nervous system controls

A

fight or flight
Pupil dilation
Increased HR
Relax airways
Inhibit intestines

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10
Q

Examples of what the parasympathetic nervous system controls

A

Rest and digest
Constriction of pupils
Decrease HR
Constriction of airway
Stimulate intestines

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11
Q

Explain fight or flight

A

Anxiety and fear are important for survival to protect the body from stress & danger.

It happens due to epinephrine

After the threat has gone the parasympathetic NS brings conditions back to normal

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive the nerve impulses from adjacent neurones

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13
Q

Axon

A

Where electrical impulses/ action potentials pass along, away from the cell body

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulation & Protection to the axon from external influences

Speed up electrical impulses - saltatory conduction

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15
Q

Function of motor neurones

A

Carries electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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16
Q

Function of relay neurones

A

Transfer messages from sensory neurones to other relay or motor neurones

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17
Q

Function of sensory neurones

A

Carries electrical impulses from the PNS to the brain & spinal cord

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18
Q

Features of a reflex arc

A

Reacting unconsciously and quickly
Helps our survival
Is involuntary
Innate
Brain is bypassed

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19
Q

Why are only motor and sensory neurones utilised in reflex arcs

A

They are monosynaptic so it’s quicker

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20
Q

Autonomic reflex arc

A

Affects inner organs

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21
Q

Somatic reflex arc

A

Affects muscles

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22
Q

Explain the 5 steps that occur at a synpase

A
  1. Nerve impulses arrive at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neurone
  2. NT is released in the synapse from vesicles
  3. NT diffuses across the synapse
  4. MT binds to receptors on the post synaptic neurone
  5. Stimulation of the impulse in the post synaptic neurone
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23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Involved in: memory, attention, perception, awareness, language

Has 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes

Has gyri and sulci which increase the surface area of grey matter (tightly packed neurones)

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24
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Carry out higher level mental processes like thinking, decision-making & planning

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25
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Controls the memory of objects and their uses.

Contains the sensory area which receives electrical impulses from sensory neurones

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26
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Nerve impulses from the eyes are received and turned into images

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27
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Controls hearing, speech and memory

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28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls and coordinates motor control and motor skills such as balance, walking and writing

Regulates the muscle activity ^

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29
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bridge of dense nerve tissues that connects the hemispheres enabling communication between them

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30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintenance of body temp
Regulates appetite and thirst

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31
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Releases many types of hormone into the bloodstream

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32
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Automatically carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing & HR

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33
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of protection surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Defence against pathogens

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34
Q

Name the order of structures in the brain stem (top to bottom)

A

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

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35
Q

How are hormones transmitted?

A

In the blood

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36
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Glands that produce hormones

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37
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are released by glands and travel in the blood. They have target organs which have receptors on their membranes.

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38
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hormones released straight into the blood
Do not have ducts

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39
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Hormones not released straight into blood because they have ducts

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40
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Not lipid soluble
Cannot diffuse into cells
Received by receptors (second messenger model)

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41
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble
Can pass through cell membranes
Act upon the DNA in the nucleus

42
Q

Adrenal gland (hormone produced & action of hormones)

A

Adrenaline

Prepares body for action: high HR & BR

43
Q

Pancreas (hormones produced and their function)

A

Insulin - promotes the uptake of glucose by cells so lowers blood glucose concentrations

Glucagon - raises blood glucose by converting stores of glycogen back into glucose

44
Q

Thyroid (hormone produced and its function)

A

Thyroxine

Regulates cell metabolism

45
Q

Pituitary gland (hormones produced and their roles)

A

ADH - triggers the uptake of water from urine in the kidney

LH & FSH - both involved in controlling the menstrual cycle

46
Q

What type of hormone does the adrenal medulla produce? (& example)

A

Peptide

Adrenaline - fight or flight

47
Q

What type of hormone does the adrenal cortex produce? (Examples)

A

Steroid

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) control the concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) help to control the metabolism of carbs and proteins in the liver

48
Q

In terms of adrenaline explain the second messenger model.

A
  1. Adrenaline receptor has a shape complementary to adrenaline
  2. Binding of adrenaline activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase
  3. Adenyl cycles converts ATP to cAMP, which can activate other enzymes in the cell.
49
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

Peptide

50
Q

First v Second messengers

A

First messenger hormones transmit signals around the body and second messengers transmit signals inside cells

51
Q

Calyx

A

Collects urine from collecting ducts & channels it into the renal pelvis

52
Q

Nephron

A

Removes waste products like urea and absorbs nutrients like sodium and potassium when needed

53
Q

Renal artery

A

Supplies blood (containing waste products) to the kidney from the aorta to be filtered and purified

54
Q

Renal vein

A

Carries blood from the kidney to vena cava

55
Q

Ureters

A

Carry urine from kidneys to bladder

56
Q

Bladder

A

Storeys and releases urine

57
Q

Urethra

A

Where urine exits the body

58
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

A

Golmerulus

59
Q

Where does selective reabsorption happen?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

60
Q

Explain ultrafiltration

A

Blood is filtered at high pressures in the glomerulus
The glomerulus has pores so some molecules leave - such as urea - and enter the Bowman’s capsule
Blood cells and proteins should not leave as they are too big

61
Q

Function of the loop of Henle and how this happens.

A

Osmoregulation - in the medulla
Loop of Henle is surrounded by salts to remove water from the nephron
Allows us to produce urine that is hypertonic to help blood

62
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

More concentrated

63
Q

How does ADH effect the DCT

A

Causes it to become less permeable

64
Q

Function of the kidney (removal of urea)

A
  • We have more amino acids than needed so the liver deanimates them
  • this forms ammonia which is converted to urea
  • urea enters the blood ad travels to the kidneys
  • Afferent arteriolar is wider than the efferent creating high pressure
  • Blood enters the glomerulus
  • ultrafiltration occurs
  • Selective reabsorption in PCT
65
Q

Roles of the liver: Deamination

A

Removal of surplus amino acids
Amino acids are converted to ammonia (toxic)
Ammonia is converted to urea
Urea taken to kidneys
Remaining amino acids are used in cellular respiration

66
Q

Role of the liver: detoxification

A

Removes toxins like alcohol
If this does not happen then liver failure occurs

67
Q

Function of the liver: production of bile

A

Bile allows the liver to remove poisonous by products

Liver cells break down and recycle RBCs

As the haemoglobin from RBC is recycled two poisonous chemicals are made (biliverdin and bilirubin)

68
Q

Why are obstructions in the liver so dangerous?

A

They prevent toxic chemicals from being excreted by the bile so they travel in the blood instead causing jaundice

69
Q

Symptoms of stroke

A

FACE: drooped on one side
ARMS: not being able to life both arms and keep them still
SPEECH: slurred

Dizziness, confusion, balance issues, difficulty swallowing, severe headache

70
Q

Causes of stroke

A

High BP
Smoking
High fat diet
High sugar diet
Alcohol
Obesity
Being older than 65

71
Q

Medication for strokes and what each one does

A

Aspirin: reduces chances of clots
Warfarin: blood thinner
Beta blockers: reduce BP
Statins: reduce cholesterol

72
Q

What type of surgery removes blood clots following a stroke?

A

Thrombectomy

73
Q

Supportive treatments for strokes

A

Feeding tubes
Mobility aids
Physiotherapy

74
Q

Biological explanation for ischaemic strokes

A

Blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. Forms where arteries are narrowed over time by plaque

75
Q

Biological explanation for haemorrhagic strokes

A

When a blood vessel in the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain

76
Q

Biological explanation for MS

A

AUTOIMMUNE
Immune system attacks the myelin sheath and causes inflammation - this distrust messaged travelling along nerves

Scarring is left on the myelin sheath

77
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Numbness and tingling
Muscle stiffness
Balance issues
Difficulty controlling the bladder
Blurred vision

78
Q

Monitoring & Treatment of MS

A

Steroids
Physiotherapy
Speech and language therapy

79
Q

Impacts of MS

A

Pain meaning activities can’t happen
Loss of independence

80
Q

Causes of MS

A

Genetics
Smoking
Viral infections
Low vitamin D

81
Q

Biological explanation for type 1 diabetes

A

AUTOIMMUNE
Immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin so glucose concentrations cannot return to normal

82
Q

Biological explanation for type 2 diabetes

A

Body doesn’t produce enough insulin to control glucose levels so glucose stays in the blood resulting in organ damage

83
Q

Symptoms and effects of diabetes

A

Increased thirst
Tiredness
Increased urination
Unexplained weight loss
Slow healing wounds

84
Q

Impacts on lifestyle with diabetes

A

Regular check ups
Dietary changes
Feeling tired

85
Q

Monitoring and treatment of diabetes

A

Checking blood glucose levels with blood tests
Diabetic eye screening
Healthy diet and regular exercise

86
Q

Biological explanation of nephrotic syndrome

A

Kidneys do not work properly and large amounts of protein enter the urine.
Loss of protein is due to an increase in permeability of the glomerulus
Water is drawn into soft tissues causing oedema

87
Q

Symptoms & Effects

A
  • Swelling of body tissues
  • High levels of urine passed
  • A greater chance of of catching infection due to reduced protein antibodies
  • Blood clots
88
Q

Nephrotic syndrome: impact on lifestyle

A

Side effects of medication
Regular check up
Waiting for transplants
Recovering from surgery
Stress about treatment

89
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

A

Infections such as HIV or hepatitis
Certain types of cancer
Genes

90
Q

What is dialysis?

A

The removal of waste products and toxic substances from blood with a specialised machine

91
Q

Monitoring an treating nephrotic syndrome

A

Steroids
Blood tests
Biopsies
Reduce salt intake
Vaccines
Urine monitoring with dipstick
Removal of kidneys
Dialysis

92
Q

Biological explanation for alcohol related liver cirrhosis

A

Scarring of liver caused by long term damage. Scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working properly

93
Q

Biological explanation for haemochromatosis liver cirrhosis

A

Faulty gene which allows excess absorption of iron. Iron is deposited in liver, pancreas, joints and heart

94
Q

Biological plantation for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (liver cirrhosis)

A

Buildup of fat causing inflammation. Scar tissue forms around the liver and near by blood vessels

95
Q

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis

A

Nausea
Weight loss
Vomiting blood
Loss of appetite
Jaundice
Itchy skin
Confusion

96
Q

Impact on lifestyle: liver cirrhosis

A

Withdrawal symptoms
Recovering from surgery
Healthy eating

97
Q

Causes of liver cirrhosis

A

Alcohol misuse
Long term infection of hepatitis C
Obesity

98
Q

How are symptoms managed for liver cirrhosis

A

Stop drinking alcohol
Maintain a healthy weight
Transplants

99
Q

Describe how negative feedback / homeostasis controls temperature

A

Hypothalamus detects the change in temp

If too hot
Sweating - the sweat evaporating cools the blood
Vasodilation

If too cold
Shivering
Vasoconstriction
Hairs rise to trap heat

100
Q

Describe how negative feedback / homeostasis controls water levels

A

Nephron - loop of Henle
Pituitary gland releases ADH when water concentration is too low to make the loop of Henle more permeable

When water content is too high, ADH is reduced to make the loop of Henle less permeable

101
Q

Describe how negative feedback / homeostasis controls blood glucose

A

Monitored by islets of Lamgerhans in pancreas

High glucose = insulin released = glycogen in liver + muscle
Low glucose = glucagon released = glycogen converted back to glucose

HSC: Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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