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HSC: Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why are erythrocytes red?

A

Haemoglobin

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of leucocytes (WBC)?

A

Lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes

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3
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Part of the immune system
B-cells and T-cells

B-cells develop in the bone marrow
produce antibodies to destroy antigens

T-cells develop in the thymus gland
destroy the body’s own cells that have been taken over by viruses or have become cancerous

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4
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Small and fast, they are one of the first cell types to travel to the site of infection

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5
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Largest of the WBC

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6
Q

Adaptions of erythrocytes

A

Do not have a nucleus
Bi-concave shape
flattened
Small
Flexible

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7
Q

Function of platelets

A

Form blood clots by clumping together, to stop bleeding.

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8
Q

Function of plasma

A

Provides a mean of transport for glucose, lipids, amino acids, hormones, carbon dioxide and oxygen

Carries proteins such as fibrinogen, which helps with blood clotting

Helps with temperature regulation

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9
Q

What are the 4 major blood vessels?

A

Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery

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10
Q

Where does the aorta transport blood to and from?

A

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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11
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein transport blood to and from?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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12
Q

Where does the vena cava transport blood to and from?

A

Deoxygenated from the body to the right atrium

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13
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood to and from?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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14
Q

4 valves in the heart are:

A

Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic

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15
Q

Which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve?

A

Right

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16
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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17
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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18
Q

Healthy heart rate range is?

A

60-80bpm

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19
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction of the atria

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20
Q

Where is the sino atrial node?

A

right atrium

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21
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node?

A

Bottom of the right atrium

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22
Q

What is the atrioventricular node responsible for?

A

delaying electrical impulses it receives from the sinoatrial node

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23
Q

Pathway of electrical activity in the heart:

A

sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
bundle of His
Purkyne fibres

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24
Q

On an ECG what does the P wave show?

A

atrial systole

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25
On an ECG what does the QRS complex show?
Ventricular systole
26
On an ECG what does the T wave show?
Diastole
27
State the order at which blood runs from the heart through the vessels and back to the heart
Heart - Arteries - Capillaries - Veins - Heart
28
Why do veins have a larger diameter
To carry large volumes of blood at a low pressure
29
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood
30
Name the components of the lymphatic system
lymph lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph organs bone marrow
31
The role of the lymphatic system
1. Removes waste from body tissue and returns it back to the blood 2. removes access fluid from body tissue 3. absorbs fatty acids, transports to blood stream so that the small intestine absorbs it 4. Contains lymphocytes so plays a role in immune response
32
Role of hydrostatic pressure
Pressure from heart contractions forces water and dissolved substances in the blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues - forming tissue fluid
33
Properties of blood plasma
Straw coloured, clear Contains plasma proteins
34
Properties of tissue fluid
fluid between body cells carries nutrients and oxygen to tissue cells does not contain plasma proteins
35
Properties of lymph
Formed from plasma contains white blood cells involved in the removal of wastes and infectious organisms from tissues
36
What are the main plasma proteins
Albumins
37
What do albumins do to plasma
Contribute to the thickness/viscosity and to osmostic pressure - higher it
38
What is the function of globulins
essential for immune responses
39
Role of fibrinogen
blood coagulation and clotting
40
Normal blood pressure range
90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
41
High blood pressure (hypertension)
140/90mmHg
42
What does the systolic pressure represent?
high number Pressure against arteries during contraction
43
What does the diastolic pressure represent?
Low number Pressure against arteries during relaxation (Between beats)
44
Risk factors of hypertension
Age Family history High salt intake Lack of exercise Overweight Smoking Drinking large amount of alcohol
45
Health conditions that cause hypertension
Kidney disease Diabetes Hormone problems such as an overactive thyroid
46
How to treat hypertension (Lifestyle changes)
Balanced diet with low fat and salt regular exercise reduce alcohol intake stop smoking get enough sleep reduce stress
47
How to treat hypertension (medication)
ACE inhibitors - lower the bp beta blocks - slow heart rate
48
Impacts of hypertension
increased chance of coronary heart disease strokes kidney disease
49
Symptoms and effects of coronary heart disease
angina and heart attack
50
Symptoms of angina
breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, tightness in the chest
51
Symptoms of heart attack (myocardial infarction)
light headedness, feeling weak, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain that radiates to jaw neck and arms
52
Biological explanation to coronary heart disease
coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits through a process called atherosclerosis when they are fully blocked it can cause heart attack which can permanently damage the heart muscle
53
Causes of coronary heart disease
Build up of fatty deposits due to smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes age. genes and gender
54
Testing for coronary heart disease
blood tests - levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar and proteins ECG - measure electrical activity and show damage to heart muscle
55
Medication for coronary heart disease
Nitrates - relax coronary arteries, allowing more blood to reach the heart Statins - reduce cholesterol Aspirin or clopidogrel - antiplatelets, makes the blood less likely to clot ACE inhibitors - lower bp
56
Surgery for coronary heart disease
Angioplasty: 1. tiny, deflated balloon into narrow artery 2. inflate balloon - arteries open - stent or mesh tube inserted Coronary artery bypass graft
57
How do platelets work?
They get trapped by fibrin and form scabs
58
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
59
What happens when body temperature is too high?
Vasodilation Heat is lost to the environment Sweat glands release fluid Fluid evaporates
60
What happens when body temperature is too low?
Vasoconstriction Sweat glands do no release fluid Shivering generates heat
61
What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against artery walls per contraction
62
Do lymph vessels have valves?
Yes
63
Describe how blood plasma becomes lymph. (4)
Blood plasma is forced out of "leaky capillaries" by hydrostatic pressure Fluid carries nutrients like oxygen and glucose to cells of tissues Fluid must return to the circulatory system of oedema will occur Excess fluid enters the lymphatic system rejoins blood stream at the top of the body
64
Outline 2 roles of blood proteins in the formation of tissue fluid
Increases osmotic pressure of blood Lower water potential of blood opposite force to hydrostatic pressure affects viscosity of the blood
65
Outline 2 roles of hydrostatic pressure in the formation of tissue fluid
Caused by the heart contracting Higher in arteriole end Forces blood plasma out of capillary pores
66
4 functions of the heart
Primary muscle Beats continuously Provides tissues & cells with oxygen and nutrients Controls two separate circulatory systems
67
Function of the pericardium.
Protects the heart from overexpansion
68
Function of the pericardial fluid.
Aids movement of the heart and reduces friction
69
What's unique about the muscle in the heart and what is it called?
Myocardium never tired but cannot tolerate a lack of oxygen
70
What is the pericardium?
The thick outside tissue of the heart
71
What is myocardium?
The thick muscular wall of the heart
72
What is the endocardium?
The inner layer of cells that line the ventricles
73
Why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
Has to produce bigger contractions since the blood has to go further distances
74
Why is there valves in the heart?
To prevent the backflow of blood
75
Reasons for a blocked artery (6)
Cholesterol deposits Atheromas plaques plaques breaking down blood clots atheroscelorsis hardens
76
Role of blood proteins (4)
Increase osmotic potential of blood Lower water potential of blood Opposite force to hydrostatic pressure Affects viscosity of blood

HSC: Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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