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HSC: Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why are erythrocytes red?

A

Haemoglobin

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of leucocytes (WBC)?

A

Lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes

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3
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Part of the immune system
B-cells and T-cells

B-cells develop in the bone marrow
produce antibodies to destroy antigens

T-cells develop in the thymus gland
destroy the body’s own cells that have been taken over by viruses or have become cancerous

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4
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Small and fast, they are one of the first cell types to travel to the site of infection

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5
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Largest of the WBC

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6
Q

Adaptions of erythrocytes

A

Do not have a nucleus
Bi-concave shape
flattened
Small
Flexible

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7
Q

Function of platelets

A

Form blood clots by clumping together, to stop bleeding.

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8
Q

Function of plasma

A

Provides a mean of transport for glucose, lipids, amino acids, hormones, carbon dioxide and oxygen

Carries proteins such as fibrinogen, which helps with blood clotting

Helps with temperature regulation

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9
Q

What are the 4 major blood vessels?

A

Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery

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10
Q

Where does the aorta transport blood to and from?

A

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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11
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein transport blood to and from?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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12
Q

Where does the vena cava transport blood to and from?

A

Deoxygenated from the body to the right atrium

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13
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood to and from?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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14
Q

4 valves in the heart are:

A

Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic

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15
Q

Which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve?

A

Right

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16
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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17
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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18
Q

Healthy heart rate range is?

A

60-80bpm

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19
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction of the atria

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20
Q

Where is the sino atrial node?

A

right atrium

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21
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node?

A

Bottom of the right atrium

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22
Q

What is the atrioventricular node responsible for?

A

delaying electrical impulses it receives from the sinoatrial node

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23
Q

Pathway of electrical activity in the heart:

A

sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
bundle of His
Purkyne fibres

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24
Q

On an ECG what does the P wave show?

A

atrial systole

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25
Q

On an ECG what does the QRS complex show?

A

Ventricular systole

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26
Q

On an ECG what does the T wave show?

A

Diastole

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27
Q

State the order at which blood runs from the heart through the vessels and back to the heart

A

Heart - Arteries - Capillaries - Veins - Heart

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28
Q

Why do veins have a larger diameter

A

To carry large volumes of blood at a low pressure

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29
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

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30
Q

Name the components of the lymphatic system

A

lymph
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
lymph organs
bone marrow

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31
Q

The role of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Removes waste from body tissue and returns it back to the blood
  2. removes access fluid from body tissue
  3. absorbs fatty acids, transports to blood stream so that the small intestine absorbs it
  4. Contains lymphocytes so plays a role in immune response
32
Q

Role of hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure from heart contractions
forces water and dissolved substances in the blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues - forming tissue fluid

33
Q

Properties of blood plasma

A

Straw coloured, clear

Contains plasma proteins

34
Q

Properties of tissue fluid

A

fluid between body cells

carries nutrients and oxygen to tissue cells

does not contain plasma proteins

35
Q

Properties of lymph

A

Formed from plasma

contains white blood cells

involved in the removal of wastes and infectious organisms from tissues

36
Q

What are the main plasma proteins

A

Albumins

37
Q

What do albumins do to plasma

A

Contribute to the thickness/viscosity and to osmostic pressure - higher it

38
Q

What is the function of globulins

A

essential for immune responses

39
Q

Role of fibrinogen

A

blood coagulation and clotting

40
Q

Normal blood pressure range

A

90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg

41
Q

High blood pressure (hypertension)

A

140/90mmHg

42
Q

What does the systolic pressure represent?

A

high number

Pressure against arteries during contraction

43
Q

What does the diastolic pressure represent?

A

Low number

Pressure against arteries during relaxation (Between beats)

44
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A

Age
Family history
High salt intake
Lack of exercise
Overweight
Smoking
Drinking large amount of alcohol

45
Q

Health conditions that cause hypertension

A

Kidney disease
Diabetes
Hormone problems such as an overactive thyroid

46
Q

How to treat hypertension (Lifestyle changes)

A

Balanced diet with low fat and salt

regular exercise

reduce alcohol intake

stop smoking

get enough sleep

reduce stress

47
Q

How to treat hypertension (medication)

A

ACE inhibitors - lower the bp
beta blocks - slow heart rate

48
Q

Impacts of hypertension

A

increased chance of coronary heart disease
strokes
kidney disease

49
Q

Symptoms and effects of coronary heart disease

A

angina and heart attack

50
Q

Symptoms of angina

A

breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, tightness in the chest

51
Q

Symptoms of heart attack (myocardial infarction)

A

light headedness, feeling weak, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain that radiates to jaw neck and arms

52
Q

Biological explanation to coronary heart disease

A

coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits through a process called atherosclerosis

when they are fully blocked it can cause heart attack which can permanently damage the heart muscle

53
Q

Causes of coronary heart disease

A

Build up of fatty deposits due to smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes

age. genes and gender

54
Q

Testing for coronary heart disease

A

blood tests - levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar and proteins

ECG - measure electrical activity and show damage to heart muscle

55
Q

Medication for coronary heart disease

A

Nitrates - relax coronary arteries, allowing more blood to reach the heart

Statins - reduce cholesterol

Aspirin or clopidogrel - antiplatelets, makes the blood less likely to clot

ACE inhibitors - lower bp

56
Q

Surgery for coronary heart disease

A

Angioplasty:
1. tiny, deflated balloon into narrow artery
2. inflate balloon - arteries open - stent or mesh tube inserted

Coronary artery bypass graft

57
Q

How do platelets work?

A

They get trapped by fibrin and form scabs

58
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

59
Q

What happens when body temperature is too high?

A

Vasodilation
Heat is lost to the environment
Sweat glands release fluid
Fluid evaporates

60
Q

What happens when body temperature is too low?

A

Vasoconstriction
Sweat glands do no release fluid
Shivering generates heat

61
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force of blood against artery walls per contraction

62
Q

Do lymph vessels have valves?

A

Yes

63
Q

Describe how blood plasma becomes lymph. (4)

A

Blood plasma is forced out of “leaky capillaries”

by hydrostatic pressure

Fluid carries nutrients like oxygen and glucose to cells of tissues

Fluid must return to the circulatory system of oedema will occur

Excess fluid enters the lymphatic system

rejoins blood stream at the top of the body

64
Q

Outline 2 roles of blood proteins in the formation of tissue fluid

A

Increases osmotic pressure of blood

Lower water potential of blood

opposite force to hydrostatic pressure

affects viscosity of the blood

65
Q

Outline 2 roles of hydrostatic pressure in the formation of tissue fluid

A

Caused by the heart contracting

Higher in arteriole end

Forces blood plasma out of capillary pores

66
Q

4 functions of the heart

A

Primary muscle

Beats continuously

Provides tissues & cells with oxygen and nutrients

Controls two separate circulatory systems

67
Q

Function of the pericardium.

A

Protects the heart from overexpansion

68
Q

Function of the pericardial fluid.

A

Aids movement of the heart and reduces friction

69
Q

What’s unique about the muscle in the heart and what is it called?

A

Myocardium never tired but cannot tolerate a lack of oxygen

70
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The thick outside tissue of the heart

71
Q

What is myocardium?

A

The thick muscular wall of the heart

72
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner layer of cells that line the ventricles

73
Q

Why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

Has to produce bigger contractions since the blood has to go further distances

74
Q

Why is there valves in the heart?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

75
Q

Reasons for a blocked artery (6)

A

Cholesterol deposits
Atheromas
plaques
plaques breaking down
blood clots
atheroscelorsis hardens

76
Q

Role of blood proteins (4)

A

Increase osmotic potential of blood
Lower water potential of blood
Opposite force to hydrostatic pressure
Affects viscosity of blood

HSC: Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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