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Physio 1 > Sensory System II > Flashcards

Sensory System II Flashcards

1
Q

What does somatic sensation detect?

A

touch, pain, and position of the body

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2
Q

What are somesthetic tracts

A

ascending tracts that mediate signals from the somatosensensory receptors

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3
Q

What kind of information is somesthetic tracts sending

A

afferent

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4
Q

Where do ascending spinal tracts reach?

A

Brain stem; the thalamus or cerebellum

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5
Q

A nerve tracts consist of ___ connecting ____ of the CNS

A

bundles of nerve fibers; nuclei

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6
Q

When the tract carries two name what do they indicate?

A

The 1st indicates the origin, whereas the 2nd indicates the site of
termination

ex. Spinothalamic tract

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7
Q

When the tract carries three names what do they indicate?

A

middle name indicates the site where axons from the origin synapse with neurons that protect axons to the destination

Ex. Sinocervicothalamic tract

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8
Q

Somatosensory cerebral pathways

A

specific modality neurons carry signals to specific areas of the thalamus which then project to specific areas of the somatosensory cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Nociception

A

Free nerve endings
Do not adapt

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10
Q

What type of noxious stimulus is pain

A

Conscious perception and accompanied by an unpleasant emotional response

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11
Q

What is the location of nociception

A

Superficial layers of skin and certain internal tissues

Peiosteum, arterial walls, joint surfaces and specific areas of the skull

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12
Q

Nociception can stimulate two pathways ___ + ____

A

somatic and automomic responses and reflexes

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13
Q

What provides evidence that there is stimulus in the nociceptors?

A

Noxious stimulus that MAY be transmitted to the brain and in `result experience pain.

Animals demonstrate by behaviour

Turning the head, crying, vocalizing trying to bite

Trying to move the whole body away from the noxious stimulus

Self selection of analgesia as observed in laboratory animals

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14
Q

What is withdraw reflex not a sign of?

A

An intact nocicpetion

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15
Q

What are the two fibers that pain is transmitted by?

A

A delta fibers and C fibers

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16
Q

What are the characteristic of A delta fibers

A

Transmit fast pain
Also called superficial pain
Mostly originated in the skin

Localized (sharp) pain
Warn the brain of the potential for tissue damage and cause rapid responses

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17
Q

How is fast pain tested?

A

Light squeeze of the skin manually or using haemostats

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of C fibers

A

Slow pain and increases slowly over many seconds or min. often called deep pain
originated from the skin or deeper structures

Can occur in the skin and almost any deep tissue or organ

associated with tissue destruction
lead to prolonged unbearable suffering - cause individuals to withdraw ad rest aiming to promote healing

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19
Q

How is slow pain tested?

A

Usually tested by squeezing of the digits with a strong pair of haemostats

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20
Q

How do both the fibers of nociception enter the body?

A

Via dorsal and synpase in the dorsal horn

From there connections are made within or between segments for reflex activity such as the withdrawal reflex (animal withdraws the limb from the noxious stimulus)`

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21
Q

How do both the fibers of nociception enter the body?

A

Via dorsal and synpase in the dorsal horn

From there connections are made within or between segments for reflex activity such as the withdrawal reflex (animal withdraws the limb from the noxious stimulus)`

22
Q

What is funiculi?

A

a bundle of one or more nerve fascicles. Funiculi in the spinal cord are portion of white matter

23
Q

In order to have conscious perception of pain, sensory inputs must reach the ____

A

cortext

24
Q

Pain will also be transmitted _____ in a variety of pathways found in all ______

A

Cranially; funiculi

25
Q

Why is nociception clinically important?

A

they bilaterally represent pathways for conveying pain to the brain

For a spinal cord lesion to cause loss of nociception caudal to the lesion, there must be EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION across the width of the cord to destruct all tracts

26
Q

What happenes when the spinal cord is damaged

A

LOSS OF FUNCTION DEVELOPS IN THE FOLLOWING
ORDER:

LOSS OF MOVEMENTS
LOSS OF NOCICEPTION
LOSS OF PROPRIOCEPTION

.

27
Q

Clinical relevance

A
28
Q

What are the three types of stimulus that can excite pain?

A

mechanical
thermal
chemical (fast pain mechanical and thermal + slow pain - all three types)

29
Q

Modulation of pain

A

Enkephalin and endorphin act in the CNS to inhibit presynaptic neurons, transmitting pain sensation

30
Q

What neurotransmitter binds to opioid receptors?

A

Enkephalin and endorphin; they terminate pain signals

31
Q

How do enkephalin and endorphin terminate pain signals?

A

They inhibit the release of substance P from the presynaptic neurons

32
Q

What type of recpetor is the opioid receptor?

A

Metabotropic

33
Q

What do pinprick axons from?

A

colateral that project and excite short inhibitory ENKEPHALINERGIC INTERNEURONS - this inhibits neurons that project true pain

34
Q

What is proprioception?

A

knowledge of ones position and can be conscious or unconscious

Knowledge of position depends on knowing the degrees of angulation of all joints in all planes and their rates of change

35
Q

What are skin tactile and deep receptors near the joints are used for what knowledge?

A

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon,, the pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure) and ruffinifs ending (continuous pressure)

36
Q

What supplies information about head position and movement

A

Hair cell receptors (vestibular apparatus)

37
Q

How does proprioception travel

A

information from the peripheral receptor travels via spinal nerves, the dorsal root and the spinal cord to the brain

38
Q

What do the proprioception of the head uses what cranial nerves?

A

the muscles and joint uses Vestiobucoclear VIII and Trigeminal V to reach the appropriate brainsteam nuclei

39
Q

What information is used for conscious proprioception

A

the information that terminates in the somatosensory cortex of contralateral cerebrum

40
Q

Where is the termination for the ipsilateral cerebellum

A

is used for subconscious proprioception

41
Q

What is conscious proprioception

A

the conscious awareness of body and movement of body parts

Enables the cortext to plan and refine voluntary, learned movements

42
Q

What Subconscious proprioception ?

A

is based around stretch and tension of muscles, tendons and ligaments at rest and during movement and spatial orientation of the body

The cerebrum needs this information to coordinate posture locomotion

43
Q

What does the vestibular system provide in terms of proprioceptive?

A

It provide conscious and subconscious about head position and movement.

This input is fundamental for setting the balance and posture of the whole animal

44
Q

What are conscious proprioceptive deficits

A

are typified by the animal bearing weight on an abnormal part of the foot – e.g. on the dorsum of the paw.

Paw position response to knuckling

45
Q

What are the subconscious proprioception

A

are typified by an abnormal position of the limbs with respect to the center of gravity, at rest and during locomotion

  • Ex:Hoppingtest
46
Q

Why are proprioceptive deficits important

A

very good to confirm the presence of lesion in the NS (PNS or NS) - we cannot localize the lesion using it

47
Q

What are viserosensory signal essential for?

A

respiration, heart rates, blood pressure and micturition

48
Q

What the sensory receptors of the viscera primary composed of?

A

free nerve ending

49
Q

What are the nociceptors in the viserca?

A

Detect changes in visceral structures caused by abnormal physical conditions or pathological conditions
* Ex: GI bloating or cramping; peritonitis

Visceral organs in general are not sensitive to cutting, heat or cold

They respond to stretching, dissection, spasm, inflammation and ischemia

Visceral pain is poorly localized

50
Q

What are the physiological receptors in the viscera

A

receptors that respond to innocuous stimuli
can be mechanoreceptors

Changes in blood pressure
Changes in pCO2 or pO2
Coughing reflex –receptors sensitive to inhaled particles in the respiratory system

Sense of fullness - stretch or tension in the smooth muscle layer (Stomach, urinary bladder)

51
Q

What are viscerosensory receptors carried by

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Physiological receptors send information primarily through viscerosensory

Nociceptor send information though viscerosensory fibers of the sympathetic

52
Q
A

Physio 1 (6 decks)

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