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Physio 1 > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

The auditory system is designed to ____ and ____ in the environment

A

Detect; analyze

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2
Q

How is an animals hearing enhanced by

A

their ability to move ears around

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3
Q

Hearing requires how many ears

A

1, but localization of sound requires 2

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4
Q

What type of receptor is in the auditory system

A

mechanrecpetor

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5
Q

What is sound

A

pressure waves in the air with given frequencies and amplitudes

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6
Q

What produces the sensation of sound

A

the alternating changes after the the pressure waves strike the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

How does the auditory system perceives sound

A

Frequency of sound as pitch and amplitude of sound as loudness

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8
Q

What is the intensity of sound quantified?

A

Decibels

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9
Q

What does the amplitude express?

A

the energy of the sound relative to the energy of a standard reference sound

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10
Q

What is the frequency of sound?

A

the number of pressure oscillation cycles per unit occur, expressed in units called Hz`

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11
Q

What is 1Hz

A

the number of cycles per second

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12
Q

What structures are involved with hearing?

A

External ear, middle ear, and inner ear

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13
Q

What is the sensory receptor of the ear?

A

organ of corti?

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14
Q

Where is the organ of corti located?

A

inner ear

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15
Q

What does the external ear do?

A

Direct the sound waves into the ear canal

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16
Q

What is the external ear composed of?

A

Pinna and the ear canal

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17
Q

How is the external ear separated from the middle ear?

A

by the tympanic memebrane or eardrum

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18
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

An air filled cavity in the temporal bone

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19
Q

What is the middle ear connected to?

A

The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx by the auditory tube
* EUSTHACIAN TUBE
* drains the middle ear cavity

20
Q

Where are the ossicles

A

in the middle ear

21
Q

What are the three ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

22
Q

Malleus connect to

A

eardrum

23
Q

Incus between

A

Malleus and stapes

24
Q

Stapes connect to the

A

Oval/round window

25
Q

What is happening the ossicle in terms of vibrations?

A

Ossicles is transferring the vibration of the ear drum to the oval window, in which there is a significant loss of vibration as the sound wave is transfered

26
Q

What happnes when the sound wave is being transfered from the ear drum to the oval in terms of amplitude?

A

Decrease amplitude of sound waves protecting the sensitive sensory cells

27
Q

Where is the receptor of the auditory located

A

The inner ear (Labyrinth) contains the sensory organ for both the auditory system and the vestibular system

28
Q

What is the cochlea

A

The auditory portion of the inner ear

Spiral shaped and is filled with fluid

29
Q

The cochlea contains the ____

A

Organ of Corti - hair cell receptor

30
Q

Hair cells are what type of receptor

A

mechanoreceptor

31
Q

What are important feature of the organ of corti

A

Sterocilia in there apical surface which are connected by tip links at their tips

Tip links seem to be attached to K channels - open when binding of the sterocillia pulls the tip links apart

32
Q

Cause of hearing loss

A

sterocilia do not regenerate, which can damaged from an extensively loud sound (moving them excessively)

33
Q

What overlies the overlies the sensory cells

A

the tectorial membrane

34
Q

What is the floor of the organ of corti

A

The basilar membrane

35
Q

What is the transduction of hair wave?

A

Sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear and cause vibration to the Organ of Corti

The base of the hair cells sits on the basilar membrane and the cilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane

Vibration of the Organ of Corti causes bending of cilia on the hair cells by a shearing force as the cilia push against the tectorial membrane

36
Q

What happens with bending the cilia

A

The bending produced a change in K+ conductance of the hair cell membrane

37
Q

Bending in directions causes

A

Hyperpolarization and Depolarization

38
Q

Explain the depolarization in hair cells

A

Bending causes the cilia to produces a change in K+ conductance of the hair cell membrane

Depolarization is exciting the cell membrane trigging an influx of potassium, which leads to Ca channels opening and release the Glutamate neurotransmitter

39
Q

What happen when glutamate is release

A

Glutamate functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter and causes an AP in the afferent cochlear nerves

40
Q

What is happening in the hyperpolarizatinon stage of bending the cilia

A

Triggers a potassium efflux and glutamate is not releases and an AP is not formed

41
Q

What is cochlear microphonic potential (an oscillatory pattern)

A

When there is an unsteady release of glutamate and unsteady firing of afferent nerves, this

42
Q

What hair cells respond to higher frequencies?

A

Hair cells located at the base of the basilar memebrane

43
Q

What hair cells respond to low frequencies

A

Hair cells located at the apex layer (Outer cells)

44
Q

What act as a sound frequency analyzer

A

The basilar membrane

45
Q

What does the spatial mapping of frequencies generate

A

Tonotopic map

46
Q

Where is the information from hair cells being transmitted to

A

cochlear nerve

Relays auditory impulses to the cochlear nuclei in the medula oblongata

Axons ascend the brainstem and reach the thalamus

The information is processed in the auditory cerebral cortex

Physio 1 (6 decks)

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