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RUSVM Physiology 1 > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the typical large and medium sized, myelinated fibers of spinal nerves?

A 
Type A: 
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
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2
Q

What are the small, unmyelinated fibers that conduct impulses at low velocities?

A

Type C

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3
Q

Which fibers constitute more than half of the sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves as well as postganglionic autonomic fibers?

A

Type C

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4
Q

Pain is felt through which fibers?

A

Type A and C

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5
Q

Sensory functions of Type C fibers

A

Crude touch/pressure
Tickle
Aching pain
Cold/warmth

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6
Q

Sensory functions of type A alpha fibers

A 
Muscle spindle
Muscle tendon
Hair receptors
Vibration (pancinian)
High discrimination touch (meissner's)
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7
Q

Sensory functions of type A gamma fibers

A 
Muscle spindle
Hair receptors
High discriminatory touch
Prickling pain
Deep pressure and touch
Cold
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8
Q

Sensory functions of type A delta fibers

A

Deep pressure and touch
Prickling pain
Cold/warmth

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9
Q

Motor functions of type A alpha fibers

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Motor functions of type A gamma fibers

A

Muscle spindle

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11
Q

Motor functions of type C fibers

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

Labeled Line principle

A

Nerve fibers are specific for transmitting only one modality of sensation. ie: pain receptors will only sense pain.

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13
Q

Types of sensory receptors based on function (5)

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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14
Q

5 types of mechanoreceptors

A

Skin tactile - dermis and eipdermis, free nerve ending (Merkel’s discs, Ruffini’s endings, Meissner’s and Krause’s corpuscles)

Deep tissue - Muscle spindles, golgi tendon receptors (Ruffini’s endings, Pancinian corpuscles)

Hearing - sound receptors of cochlea

Equilibrium/balance - Vestibular receptors

Arterial - baroreceptors of carotid sinuses and aorta

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15
Q

Function of thermoreceptors

A 
Feeling temperature (warm and cold)
Free nerve endings
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16
Q

Function of nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

Free nerve endings

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17
Q

Function of photoreceptors

A

Vision

Rods and cones

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18
Q

6 types of chemoreceptors

A

Taste - taste buds

Smell - olfactory epithelium receptors

Arterial O2 - aortic and carotid sinus

Osmolality - neurons in/near supraortic nuclei

Blood CO2 - in/on surface of medulla and in aortic and carotid bodies

Blood Glu, AA, FA - in hypothalamus

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19
Q

Muscle spindle and golgi tendon are what kind of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

What kind of receptor consists of an encapsulated, intrafusal group of 3-12 small skeletal muscle fibers buried among extrafusal fibers, that detects muscle length/stretch?

A

Muscle spindle

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21
Q

What are the functions of the ends and middle of the muscle spindle?

A

Ends: contractile elements innervated by Type A gamma fibers

Middle: innervated by sensory neurons, send info about muscle stretch to CNS

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22
Q

What is the purpose of muscle spindles?

A

Correct for changes in muscle length

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23
Q

What kind of mechanoreceptor is an encapsulated sensory receptor that 10-15 muscle fibers pass through, and detects muscle tension?

A

Golgi tendon

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24
Q

How does the Golgi tendon receptor prevent excess muscle tension?

A

Provides insight to NS on degree of tension, then prevents excess tension via inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

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25
Q

4 ways to stimulate a receptor potential

A
  1. Mechanical deformation
  2. Application of a chemical to a membrane
  3. Changing the temperature of the membrane
  4. Effects of electromagnetic radiation (light on a retinal visual receptor)
26
Q

What is acuity?

A

The precision of a stimulus location. Smaller locations have greater acuity (lip vs back with 2 pressure points)

27
Q

What is receptor amplification?

A

Up regulation. Intensity of stimulus is increased by the frequency of action potentials or number of receptors activated. The more the receptor potential rises above the threshold, the greater the action potential frequency.

28
Q

What is receptor adaptation?

A

Down regulation of a sensory receptor to a constant stimulus (resting hand on a table). If there is no change in pressure, the receptor won’t send signals.

29
Q

Do pain receptors adapt?

A

No (usually)

30
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Slow adapting, continue to transmit impulses for minutes or hours (baro and chemoreceptors)

31
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Fast adapting, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes (pancinian)

32
Q

Somatic sensations

A

touch
pain
temperature
body position

33
Q

Visceral sensations

A

stretch
distention
spasm
inflammation and ischemia

34
Q

Definition of pain

A

perception of a noxious stimulus

35
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Pain receptor

Free nerve ending

36
Q

Where are nociceptors found?

A 
Superficial layers of skin
Periosteum
Arterial walls
Joint surfaces
Areas of the skull
37
Q

What types of nerve fibers sense pain?

A

Type A delta - fast pain

Type C - slow pain

38
Q

What kind of nerve fiber senses fast pain like a needle stick that could cause tissue damage, and responds quickly?

A

Type A delta

39
Q

What kind of nerve fiber senses slow pain, relating to tissue destruction and suffering, and responds slowly?

A

Type C

40
Q

Since there are multiple, bilateral paths for conveying noxious stimuli to the brain, what does a loss of nociception mean for the patient?

A

Extensive destruction of spinal cord, very poor prognosis

41
Q

What are the 3 stimuli that excite pain receptors?

A

Mechanical (fast/slow)
Thermal (fast/slow)
Chemical (slow only)

42
Q

How can pain be modulated by encephalin and endorphins?

A

By binding to opiate receptors, they can terminate the signal by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal.

*morphine also works in this way

43
Q

How can inhibitory interneurons help modulate pain?

A

Pinprick axons work with inhibitory interneurons to stop the pain signal quickly

44
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Knowledge of one’s position

45
Q

What kind of receptors are used for proprioception?

A

Skin tactile
Deep receptors near joints
Hair cells
Cranial nerves V and VIII

46
Q

Skin tactile and deep receptors (4)

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon
Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure)
Ruffini’s endings (continuous pressure)

47
Q

What do the hair cells in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear do?

A

Supply information about head position and movement

48
Q

Proprioception of the head, its muscles, and joints uses mainly what cranial nerves?

A

V - trigeminal

VIII - vestibulochochlear

49
Q

Conscious proproception

A

conscious awareness of body position and movement of body parts

50
Q

What type of proprioception is based around stretch and tension of muscles, tendons, and ligaments while at rest and during movement, and spatial orientation of the body?

A

Subconscious proprioception

51
Q

What enables the cerebral cortex to plan and refine voluntary and learned movement

A

conscious proprioception

52
Q

How does the cerebellum get info it needs to coordinate posture and locomotion?

A

subconscious proprioception

53
Q

Role of vestibular system in proprioception

A

Provides info about head position and movement to set balance and posture

54
Q

“Knuckling” indicates a problem with…

A

conscious proprioceptive pathway

55
Q

If a patient is not able to keep its limbs under its center of gravity, this indicates a dysfunction with the…

A

subconscious proprioceptive pathway

56
Q

Visceral receptors detect…

A

change in visceral structures due to abnormal physical and pathological conditions

57
Q

Limitations of visceral receptors

A

Not sensitive to cold/heat/cutting

Few general afferent fibers - pain is poorly localized

58
Q

Types of physiological receptors in the viscera

A

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

59
Q

What mechano/chemoreceptors in the viscera respond to?

A

Change in BP
Change in pO2/pCO2
Coughing reflex
Sense of fullness (stomach or bladder stretch)

60
Q

Physiologic receptors send info through viscerosensory fibers of…

A

Parasympathetic nerves

61
Q

Nociceptors send info through viscerosensory fibers of…

A

Sympathetic nerves

RUSVM Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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